The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Free Essays

string(164) on zones, for example, scholastic execution * Increased likelihood of certain maladies and scatters, for example, stoutness * Social division of solitary human interaction. Gathering research paper: The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Technology and society or innovation and culture allude to the common codependence, co-impact, co-creation of innovation and society upon the other (innovation upon culture, and the other way around) (Webster’s Dictionary 5060). There are an unprecedented number of models how science and innovation has helped us that can be found in the public arena today. One extraordinary model is the cell phone. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Since the time the innovation of the phone society needed a progressively convenient gadget that they could use to converse with individuals. This appeal for another item prompted the innovation of the cell phone, which did, and still do, enormously impact society and the manner in which individuals live their lives. Presently numerous individuals are open to converse with whomever they need regardless of where any of the two individuals are. All these little changes in cell phones, similar to Internet get to, are further instances of the pattern of co-creation. Society’s requirement for having the option to approach individuals and be accessible wherever brought about the innovative work of cell phones. They thus affected the manner in which we live our lives. As the people depends increasingly more on cell phones, extra highlights were mentioned. This is additionally evident with today’s present day media player. Society likewise decided the progressions that were made to the past age media player that the fabricates created. Take for instance, today’s media players. Toward the start, tapes were being utilized to store information. In any case, that strategy was enormous and unwieldy so the makes created minimized circles, which were littler and could hold more information. Afterward, minimized circles were again excessively enormous and didn't hold enough information that constrained today’s produces to make MP3 players, which are little and holds huge measure of information. Today’s society decided the course of occasions that numerous fabricates took to improving their items so today’s shoppers will buy their items. Thinking over into old history, financial aspects can be said to have shown up on the scene when the intermittent, unconstrained trade of products and enterprises started to happen on a less incidental, less unconstrained premise. It presumably didn't take long for the producer of sharpened stones to understand that he could likely improve by focusing on the creation of pointed stones and bargain for his different needs. Unmistakably, paying little mind to the products and ventures bargained, some measure of innovation was involvedâ€if close to really taking shape of shell and globule adornments. Indeed, even the shaman’s elixirs and sacrosanct articles can be said to have included some innovation. Thus, from the very beginnings, innovation can be said to have prodded the advancement of progressively expound economies. In the cutting edge world, prevalent advances, assets, geology, and history offer ascent to vigorous economies; and in a well-working, strong economy, monetary overabundance normally streams into more prominent utilization of innovation. In addition, since innovation is such an indistinguishable piece of human culture, particularly in its financial angles, subsidizing hotspots for (new) mechanical undertakings are for all intents and purposes illimitable. In any case, while to start with, mechanical venture included minimal more than the time, endeavors, and aptitudes of one or a couple of men, today, such speculation may include the aggregate work and abilities of a large number. Innovation has much of the time been driven by the military, with numerous advanced applications being produced for the military before being adjusted for non military personnel use. In any case, this has consistently been a two-path stream, with industry frequently starting to lead the pack in creating and receiving an innovation that is just later embraced by the military. Winston (2003) gives a phenomenal outline of the moral ramifications of mechanical turn of events and sending. He states there are four significant moral ramifications: †Challenges conventional moral standards. Since innovation impacts connections among people, it challenges how people manage one another, even in moral ways. One case of this is testing the meaning of â€Å"human life† as epitomized by banters in the regions of fetus removal, killing, the death penalty, and so on , which all include present day mechanical turns of events. †Creates an accumulation of impacts. Perhaps the best issue with innovation is that its unfavorable impacts are frequently little, however combined. Such is the situation with the contamination from the consuming of petroleum derivatives in cars. Every individual car makes an exceptionally little, practically irrelevant, measure of contamination, anyway the aggregate impact might add to the a dangerous atmospheric devation impact. Different models remember gatherings of synthetic contaminations for the human body, urbanization consequences for nature, and so forth. A Lancaster dropping packs of 4lb stick ignitables (left), 30lb flammables and a â€Å"cookie† (right) †Changes the appropriation of equity. Basically, those with innovation will in general have higher access to equity frameworks. Or then again, equity isn't dispersed similarly to those with innovation versus those without. †Provides incredible force. In addition to the fact that technology amplifies the capacity, and thus the quality, of people, it likewise gives an incredible key bit of leeway to the human(s) who hold the best measure of innovation. Consider the vital preferred position picked up by having more noteworthy mechanical developments in the military, pharmaceuticals, PCs, and so forth. For instance, Bill Gates has impressive impact (even outside of the PC business) over the span of human undertakings because of his fruitful usage of PC innovation. Way of life In numerous manners, innovation streamlines life. * The ascent of a recreation class * An increasingly educated society,which can make speedier reactions to occasions and patterns * Sets the phase for progressively complex learning assignments * Increases performing multiple tasks (in spite of the fact that this may not be improving) * Global systems administration * Creates denser groups of friends * Cheaper costs * Greater specialization in employments In different ways, innovation confuses life. Contamination is a difficult issue in an innovatively propelled society (from corrosive downpour to Chernobyl and Bhopal) * The expansion in transportation innovation has gotten blockage a few territories * New types of threat existing as a result of new types of innovation, for example, the original of atomic react ors * New types of diversion, for example, computer games and web access could have conceivable social impacts on zones, for example, scholarly execution * Increased likelihood of certain ailments and disarranges, for example, heftiness * Social division of solitary human collaboration. You read The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society in classification Papers Innovation has expanded the need to converse with more individuals quicker. * Structural joblessness * Anthropocentric environmental change Institutions and gatherings Technology regularly empowers authoritative and bureaucratic gathering structures that in any case and until now were basically impractical. Instances of this may include: * The ascent of huge associations: e. g. , governments, the military, wellbeing and social government assistance organizations, supranational partnerships. * The commercialization of relaxation: games, items, and so on. McGinn) * The practically immediate dispersal of data (particularly news) and amusement around the globe. Worldwide Technology empowers more prominent information on universal issues, qualities, and societies. Due for the most part to mass transportation and broad communications, the world is by all accounts an a lot littler spot, because of the accompanying, among others: * Globalization of thoughts * Embeddings of qualities * Popula tion development and control Environment Technology gives a comprehension, and a gratefulness for our general surroundings. The impacts of innovation on the earth are both clear and unobtrusive. The more evident impacts incorporate the consumption of nonrenewable common assets, (for example, oil, coal, metals), and the additional contamination of air, water, and land. The more inconspicuous impacts incorporate discussions over long haul impacts (e. g. , an unnatural weather change, deforestation, regular natural surroundings annihilation, beach front wetland misfortune. ) One of the principle issues is the absence of a successful method to expel these contaminations for a huge scope practically. In nature, living beings â€Å"recycle† the losses of different living beings, for instance, plants produce oxygen as a side-effect of photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing life forms use oxygen to use food, creating carbon dioxide as a result, which plants use in a procedure to make sugar, with oxygen as a loss in any case. No such instrument exists for the evacuation of mechanical squanders. Humankind right now might be contrasted with a state of microbes in a Petri dish with a steady food gracefully: with no real way to expel the losses of their digestion, the microorganisms in the long run harm themselves. Frighten Country† acquaints us with the fascinating universe of data inundation through the eyes of Hollis Henry, a previous musical crew Curfew’s artist and the lead character in the novel. She is sure and eager. She quit her band since she was not bringing in enough cash for living, so she chose to begin her vocation as a columnist. She really began composi ng when she was close to nothing, even before she turned into a musical gang part. Clearly she had an enthusiasm for composing. Hollis’s work is muddled, she needs to unwind all the puzzling things and discover data for the Node magazine which doesn't generally exist yet. Hollis looks for a s

Evaluate three of the four books we've read this term, discussing Essay

Assess three of the four books we've perused this term, talking about whether you think they were terrible or not - Essay Example Clearly, awful books are those that distance the peruser from the story. An awful book doesn't have the components - like practical or reasonable characters or solid plots- - that cause the peruser to desire for additional. Second, a great book is engaging, instructive, and intriguing all simultaneously. Despite the fact that it is fiction or an inventive bit of composing it ought to be relevant to certifiable conditions. A terrible book, then again, just attempts to satisfy one sole reason, either to engage, illuminate, or interest. This kind of one-dimensional book in the long run becomes dull and unexciting as a result of the repetitiveness of its motivation. Third, a great book upgrades the readers’ information or valuation for the real world. It successfully challenges negative convictions, similar to generalizations, and makes new acknowledge for the peruser. At the end of the day, a great book is a compelling eye-opener. Fourth, a great book doesn't utilize such a large number of languages. It is straightforward. An awful book, then again, is excessively confounded. The composing style is antagonistic. What's more, in conclusion, a great book is progressive. It presents better approaches for recounting to a story, making characters, building up a plot, and closure a story. One book that is really progressive, that is, it doesn't attempt to carefully observe the conventional guidelines of composing is Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote. ... It needn't bother with extraordinary acumen to comprehend the story. The focal story is clear. Be that as it may, what is captivating about this book is that it isn't generally a straightforward story, it is in certainty entangled on the off chance that one will attempt to examine it eagerly. The story has just about a perfect mixing of impact. The plot, the images, and the characters all assume a job in the general topic. By all accounts, the plot is simple and maintains what has been expressed about the story’s topic in a smooth, emotional way. As such, the novel doesn't neglect to include its perusers inwardly. One impeccable model is the genuine feelings that the relationship among Gatsby and a rich young lady makes. A person beginning to look all starry eyed at a rich young lady sounds fairly conventional. Yet, as the story advances, the occasions become very confounded, with selling out and trickiness coming into the image. The epic is engaging and useful simultaneously. The account structure of the novel is engaging in light of the fact that Nick Carraway, the storyteller, relates the episodes not in the arrangement they happen, however in the succession Fitzgerald wants. It is educational on the grounds that it brings issues to light about the state of the United States during the 1920s, all the more especially, the impacts of World War I on the country (Fitzgerald 72). Ultimately, the novel urges the peruser to consider the American Dream. Did life in contemporary Western human progress become without any basic significance? The Great Gatsby shows that the American Dream has gotten trivial. As portrayed in the novel, there is nothing left except for an unpleasant mission for wealth and the shallow esteem that wealth bless. Some rich individuals, similar to the Buchanan family, are unhappy, exhausted, little disapproved, and hopeless. The

Describe Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create - 55000 Words

Describe Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create (Dissertation Sample) Content: Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create Agricultural Commodity Price Variability: Impact on Agriculture and Rural Development of Africa and Possible Alternative StrategiesJuly 2011AbstractThe concept of climate change has been on overwhelming challenge on the global platform in the 21st century. This phenomenon leads to change in average weather conditions as well as the distribution of events in the environment. One of the key elements of climate change to the environment is the epidemic of global warming. The main causes of global warming have been associated with destruction of ozone layer through the increased use of fossil fuel. In the 21st century, the effects of climate change and more specifically the menace of global warming are highly felt. These have triggered nearly all human activities and more importantly agriculture. The concern on global warming and issue of ozone layer destruction has also triggered the adoption of renewable energy. The main alt ernative renewable energy in reference to fossil fuel is the use of bio-fuels. These include bio-diesel, ethanol, methanol, and biogas. Nevertheless, the production of these bio-fuels has not come singly, whereby they have had immense impacts on agriculture, food production and sustainable rural development. Many research studies in this topic have been aimed at stabling the main causes of climate change as well as its impacts on different sector. The research studies have also been expanded to the significance of adopting bio-fuels in reference to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, specific concerns regarding the impacts of climate change and the adoption of bio-fuels on agriculture, rural development, and food production have not been undertaken.This dissertation has adequately explored the implications of climate change and the production of bio-fuels on food production as well as on rural development in third world countries. The attention of the study has been on Africa due to the hig h serious crisis facing the agricultural sector in the continent. The crisis in agriculture in Africa has been demonstrated by the high levels of price variability of food commodities, food insecurity, and scarcity of food commodities. The continent has been identified as the most insecure in terms of food sufficiency. This has been demonstrated by FAO, where out of 34 countries with food insecurity, 33 come from Africa. Haiti is the only country with food insecurity alongside the 33 African nations. The food situation in the country has for the last 3 decades been unacceptable thus the need for urgent concern.The main objective of the dissertation is to answer the central question concerning the impacts of bio-fuel production and climate change on agriculture, sustainable rural development and food production in Africa. Africa has been the worse hit by this phenomenon, thus the need for greater attention. In order to answer the research questions, both secondary and primary data ha ve been adopted, whereby a mixed methodology has been applied. This included both qualitative and quantitative research approach. In order to ensure efficiency, the focus was directed on Nigeria and Niger as the major areas of concern. Questionnaires were the main source of primary data, whereby 100 Agribusiness Companies, 100 farmers associations, 200 agricultural commodity traders, and 600 Individual farmers were involved in the study. These participants were drawn on half from Niger and half from Nigeria. Secondary data included a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature on climate change and bio-fuel production on Africas agriculture and rural development.The dissertation hereby explains that, climate change and production of bio-fuel are the main challenges of agriculture and food production in African nations. With increased production of bio-diesel and ethanol, the process of food production has been jeopardized. The production of bio-diesel has been noted to have immens e effects on food production. It has been noted that many farmers have abandoned food crop farming to the production of feedstock. The total land under the production of food crops has been identified to face drastic decline. Labor, resources and technical know how which was previously used in the production of food crops has been diverted the production of bio-fuels. The calamity of climate change has been identified to threaten agriculture and food production in Africa. In reference to literature, climate change has been noted to create unfavorable conditions and environment for undertaking agriculture. This is attributed to global warming which is enhancing dissertation as well as the prolonging of drought. Based on these phenomenons, the amount of land under agriculture is diminishing day by day. With reference to these challenges, the dissertation has also established sustainable solutions t the crisis. Key words: Agriculture, Agricultural systems, Agricultural trade, Food prod uction, Food security, Rural development, Sustainable rural development ,Price variability, Commodity crisis, Climate change, Bio-fuel production Thesis Contribution to KnowledgeThe dissertation is aimed at evaluating the impacts of climate change on food production, agriculture and rural development in Africa. The impacts of bio-fuel production on agriculture and rural development in Africa have also been given substantial attention. The relationship between climate change and bio-fuel production on food price variability has also been adequately addressed. These phenomenons have been very profound in Africa, whereby solutions to the problem are not only important but inevitable for the continent and the globe as a whole. The research study has put much emphasis on the problem of food insecurity in Africa. In this case, the relationship between climate change and bio-fuel production in relation to food insecurity has also been addressed. A point worth of consideration is that Afric a has been the main area of concern. In this case, the attention on Niger and Nigeria has been undertaken in making the study more efficient. The relationship between systems of agriculture in Africa and those adopted in developed nations has been established. In addition, the nature of agricultural commodity markets and trade has been evaluated in the research study. This has helped in analyzing the phenomenon of price variability and the driving forces in agricultural production. A mixed methodology was adopted, whereby participants from Nigeria and Niger were incorporated in the study. A total of 1000 participants were involved in the study, which included agribusiness companies, agricultural associations, individual farmers and agricultural commodity traders. The major contributions of the thesis to knowledge are as follows.The data analysis established that climate change has immense impacts on agriculture as a result of development of unfavorable conditions. This is attributed by global warming which leads to overwhelmingly high temperatures. Based on the study, climate change has been revealed to adversely affect agriculture in Africa, through reduction of arable land and crop failure. The arable land has been decreased by over 30%, thus leading to decline in food production. Crop failure has also been rampant as a result of global warming, thus contributing to food insecurity. Study has also demonstrated that climate change has led to an increase in pests and diseases affecting crops and animals. A point worth of consideration is that there was little contradiction between primary data and secondary analysis. This added to the credibility of these findings.The research established that production of bio-fuel in Africa led to significant decline in agriculturally potential land. Based on the study, production of bio-fuel production is conducted without proper planning thus leading to unnecessary competition for the arable land. This decline in cultivabl e land leads to substantial reduction in food production hence inducing food insecurity. Massive diversion of human and financial resources from food production to bio-fuel production has been witnessed in Africa. This has been identified as a vital element leading to food shortage in the continent for the last two decades. The study, depicted that the level of government intervention in bio-fuel production was not appealing thus worsening the situation.The study has also provided credible information concerning agricultural systems in Africa. This has been done in reference to global agricultural systems. The results of the research study have demonstrated that the poor farming systems are adopted in Africa. The research has established a strong relationship between the farming systems adopted in Africa and the low levels of agricultural output. In response to this situation, the need for improving the agricultural systems has been identified.The results of the research study have showed that farmers in Africa need to focus on improved seeds and better farming systems. This is in relation to the high levels of harsh conditions, thus deserving higher crops and animal species with higher adaptability to the harsh conditions.The study has also indicated that there exists a strong interdependence between crude oil markets and food commodity markets. Volatility of crude oil markets has been identified to have strong effect on food price variability. This has been very evident in the survey and interviews on the focus groups. Increase in crude oil prices has been identified to have strong influence on food prices as a result of high production costs as well as increased costs of farm inputs. The research has also indicated that volatility in crude oil has influenced the production of bio-fuels thus enhancing food shortage.The results have depicted that government support is of great importance in agricultural efficiency and rura...

Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3204 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Performance is a key aspect behind the success or a failure of a firm or organization. The success or failure of an organization depends upon the performance of the employee. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities (Flapper, 1995). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm" essay for you Create order However, there are a lot of factors that affect the performance among the employee in a firm or organization. The hierarchical system inside the company has always been a source of parent-child dynamism. Employees have developed a considerable amount of dissatisfaction due to this parent-child dynamism. Since, people may not function properly and learn well under the atmosphere permeated with judgment; it has been a painstaking job these days for managers to find ways for better performance in a firm or organization. A newer and better managerial tool should be developed and implemented because under a hierarchal system, someone may feel dominated. Hence to motivate the employee is very crucial to get the job done inside an organization. Hence a deep understanding of performance management process inside a company or organization is one of the utmost concerns of this research. Since TESCO is Britains leading retailer, is one of the top three retailers in the world, and is very conven ient to the researcher in terms of feasibility, availability, practicality and locality; the researcher has chosen TESCO as a target research area. Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions My objectives are twofold. First I shall investigate the factors that are responsible for performance of employee in TESCO. In doing so, it is assumed that the most important factor that effects the performance is TESCO shall also be investigated. Secondly, I shall investigate how performance is controlled and monitored in TESCO. Although there are a lot of theoretical basis for performance management, where different kinds of researches have done in different organizations, there are very few researches done in TESCO. Since, TESCO is a well established retailer that provided thousands of jobs every year, research of TESCO could play a vital role to uncover important insights about performance management. Research questions What are the factors that affect the performance of employee in TESCO? What is the most influential factor that affects the performance of employee in TESCO? How is the performance of employee controlled and monitored in TESCO? Hypotheses H0 : Motivation effects the performance. H1: H0 is not true. H0: Effective Communication has a positive relationship with performance H1: H0 is not true. Review of Literature Performance depends on education, training and experience as it could be slow and a lengthy process. However, motivation can be improved quickly. Below listed are some steps for motivation. Positive reinforcement/ high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance The success and continuity of an organization depend on its performance, which may be defined as the way the organization carries its objectives into effect. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities. A good manager keeps track of the performance of the system he or she is responsible for by means of performance measurement (PM). His/her staff carrying responsibility for certain activities within the system, need PM to see how well they are performin g their tasks. This also holds for the employees actually executing the various process steps. So performance indicators (PIs) are important for everyone inside an organization, as they tell what has to be measured and what are the control limits the actual performance should be within (Flapper et al, 1995) What you measure is what you get. Senior executives understand that their organizations measurement system strongly affects the behaviour of managers and employees. Executives also understand that traditional financial accounting measures like return-on-investment and earnings-per-share can give misleading signals for continuous improvement and innovation-activities todays competitive environment (Norton Kaplan, 1992). 3.1 Theories of Motivation There is an old saying that you can take a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink, it will drink only if it is thirsty. It will only drink water if it is thirst or in other words if it is motivated to drink. Whether working in a simple restaurant or in a extremely competitive business market, they must be motivated or driven to it. Performance is understood as a function of ability and motivation. Job performance= ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ability) (motivation) 3.1.1 Definition of Motivation A motive is a reason for doing something. Motivation is concerned with the factors that motivate people to behave in certain ways (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). Motivation is incidental to or defined by goal directed behavior (Locke Et al, 1995). It means that motivation is concerned with strength and direction of that behavior. In other words it means that motivation takes place when people expect that an action is probable to lead to an achievement of a goal and a valued reward and will satisfy their needs and desires. Well-motivated people are therefore those with clearly defined goals who take action which they expect will achieve those goals (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). It is undoubtedly clear that motivation affects the performance. Hence, motivation among the employee is a very crucial driving factor in a firm or an organization. The process of motivation The process of motivation can be modelled as shown in the figure below. This model is grounded on the needs of a particular person where it shows that motivation is a result of conscious of unconscious recognition of unsatisfied needs. Needs create wants, which means desire(s) to get goods or obtain something. 2. Establish Goal 1. Need 3. Take action Attain Goal (Fig 1.1 Source: Armstrong, 1993) Goals are then established which will satisfy these needs and then a action is taken in the expectation that the action will facilitation the achievement of the particular goal imagined/setup by him/her. If the goal is achieved, then the need shall be satisfied and the behavior will repeat next time when same kind of need emerges and if the goal is not achieved then the behavior or action is less likely to be repeated. This model illustrates the motivation process from a individualistic perspective. It is based on the motivational theories related to needs (achievements), goals, equity, behaviour modelling (reactance) and expectancy. It is also influenced by three concepts relating to motivation and behaviour: reinforcement (Hull, 1951), homeostasis, intrinsic and extrinsic theories. This model can be used to illustrate a process of motivation which involves setting of corporate goals that will likely be able to meet the individual and ultimately organizational needs and wants and encourage the behaviour required to achieve those goals. 3.3 Theory of Performance A generalized theory of performance does not exist. However, there are theories of performance built on specific disciplines of studies such economics, psychology etc. Organizational behaviour describes as the criterion problem. We might want to extend it to the study of HRM. Performance management is a concept that has been spreading in developing countries relative to developed countries. There are various ways of understanding PM, from different aspects like theoretical, practical etc. However most of them agree that PM is a process of optimal management and allocation of resources that will help in achieving a common goal in an organization. (Edis, 1995) argues that PM is a management process which people and their jobs to strategy and objectives of the organization. On the other hand Slater et al (1998) argue that PM is a value adding process of organizational performance. PM is defined within private sector as systematic and data oriented approach to manage peoples behaviour at work that relies of positive reinforcement as a major as a major way of optimising performance. Who are the real stake holders of performance and is performance same as outcomes? Generally performance can be seen as a company dominated criterion but outcome can be seen in a much broader sense and depends on a lot factors. These factors can be for example, environmental issues, job satisfaction, contribution towards the community or society etc. In an organizationally determined performance criterion, there might be a risk that some of these factors are ignored. PM is also defined as an integrated set of planning and review procedures, which cascades down through the organisation to provide a link between each individual and the overall strategy of the organisation (Rogers, 1994). (NAHT, 1991) describes PM as a mix of managerial strategies and techniques via which jobholders have better understanding about what the organization is trying to achieve; understand what is expect ed from their job and are provided with regular feedback on how they have been doing and have a continuous support from their managers and have an opportunity to understand, and judge their performance. PM is not just appraisal; neither is it just incentives and financial rewards. PM is a much broader concept. Performance appraisal could play a vital role in performance management but it is a part of an integrative approach, incorporating process, attitudes and behaviours that will ultimately produce effective and coherent strategies for raising levels of effective individual performance. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Philosophy Different research philosophies have been seen in earlier research. In business researches broadly two different research philosophies have been classified, positivism and interpretivism. The two paradigms differ from each other in the way they answer the following questions (Figueirido Cunha, 2007). a) The ontological question enquires about what can be known; b) The epistemological question looks into what is knowledge and what knowledge can we get; c) The methodological question enquires about how we can build on that knowledge; d) The ethical question asks what is the worth, or value, of the knowledge we build. Orlikowski and Baroundi (1991 p.5) described the differences between what is traditionally viewed as positivist or interpretive as follows: Positivist studies are premised on the existence of a priori fixed relationship within phenomena which are typically investigated with structured instrumentation [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦]positivist studies are characterized by evidence of formal propositions, quantifiable measures of variables, hypotheses testing, and the drawing of inferences about a phenomenon from the sample to a stated population [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] interpretative studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretative researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings that participants assign to them [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] reject the possibility of an objective or factual account of events and situations, seeking instead a relativistic, albeit shared, understanding of phenomena Positivistic and interpretative research philosophies are so different to each other that they are almost mutually exclusive to each other in terms of Assumptions, roles of researcher and the characteristics . According to a positivistic approach the researcher is outside the gla ss and the research occurs behind the glass where the researcher observes the phenomenon without interfering it. However, the case is quite different in interpretivism which generally acknowledges the researches participation and interaction with the subject and attempt to reflect their bias as integrals to insights derived (DeLuca et al 2008) The research we are trying to undertake requires an interaction of the researcher with the subject as it requires observation of a social phenomenon. Interpretive research can help researchers to understand human thought and action in social and organizational contexts; it has the potential to produce deep insights into information systems phenomena including the management of information systems and information systems development (Klein and Myers 1999 p.67). 4.2 Approach of the study The exploratory nature of the problem makes the researcher to follow case study method. Although survey research has been very popular among the social science researchers, this kind of research may not provide a deep insight about a phenomenon. Field studies and interviews during case studies can provide richer data that that cannot be achieved via survey research method and can measure the casual effects more closely (Abrahamson, 1983). Although the research sounds more qualitative, considerations shall also be given to validity and reliability of the data. To be clear, the current research study is qualitative in nature but it shall follow both qualitative frameworks in data analysis. Data triangulation could serve as a medium to validate the data. Primary data shall be collected through questionnaires and interviews and secondary data can be collected through documentations, and other source of information, especially internet. 4.3 Qualitative and Quantitative research approach Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviour and experiences through different methods such as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get in-depth opinion from the participants. Since it is about attitude, behaviour or experiences, the sample size is relatively low in this kind of research. Since the research topic is also about behavioural studies, qualitative research can be quite useful in addressing the research problem. Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large scale survey research, using tools like questionnaire or interviews (structured). This type of research involves a large number of samples, hence is believed to be highly reliable. However, this research method has been blamed to have less contact with the participants, hence less engagements, and hence shallow data, in comparison to qualitative method which is believed to draw deeper inferences. 4.4 Research tools Case study shall be done in a TESCO store to understand the performance management process in that particular organization. Semi structured Interviews along with questionnaires shall be the research tools, those of which will provide both qualitative and quantitative data. Secondary data shall also be collected via mediums like internet. Making an enquiry to learn a lesson from the expertise that practices it requires a closer integration with subject of analysis for some amount of time. Under such conditions, survey research is believed to more effective in comparison to other qualitative research methods (See Holloway, 1997). 4.5 Definition of Case study Meriam (1998) defines case study as an entity which is studied as a single unit and has clear boundaries; it is an investigation of a system, an event, a process or a programme. However the definition of case study has changed with time and disciplines of studies. It is used in varieties of qualitative and quantitative research; however in this research it describes the qualitative study. Case studies differ from other qualitative approaches because of its three distinct characteristics; specificity, boundedness and multiplicity (Holloway, Ibid, Yin Opt cited). Yin argues that an empirical inquiry is preferred when the subject is to be studied is a contemporary phenomenon with a real life situation, when boundaries between phenomenon and content are not clearly evident, and in which multiple source of evidence is used. 4.6 Why survey within a case study approach? Like in other qualitative research, a case study can just function as exploring the phenomenon in a specific context. A single case study may not always be generalizable; it is just a step towards generalization. It is wise to use number of steps towards generalization. It has been seen that researchers use number of sources in their data collection for example observation, documents and interviews etc, so that the study can be brighter and can gain a maximum validity. Observation and documentary research are the most common strategies that are used in case study research (Holloway, op.cit). However, when the purpose of the study is to understand the context of a contemporary phenomenon and extract lessons, a case study research approach can be an invaluable exploratory device (Gill and Johnson, 1997). According to Preece (1994), and Sharp Howard (1996), a case study is a complex research activity, which may combine a number of general research instruments, such as interviews, obs ervations, discussions, questionnaires, focus groups etc. 4.7 Maintenance of validity and Reliability Reliability and validity are tools of an essentially positivist epistemology. (Watling, as cited in Winter, 200, p. 7). Joppe (2000) defines reliability as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable. (p. 1) Joppe (2000) provides the following explanation of what validity is in quantitative research: Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. In other words, does the research instrument allow you to hit the bulls eye of your research object? Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others. (p. 1) The qualitative data is always in a risk of lacking validity and reliability because of its relatively smaller sample size. Hence a proper consideration should be given about how to maintain validity and reliability of a research. An invalid or unreliable research study is not of any real importance. If the validity or trustworthiness can be maximized or tested then more credible and defensible result (Johnson, 1997, p. 283) may lead to generalizability which is one of the concepts suggested by Stenbacka (2001) as the structure for both doing and documenting high quality qualitative research. Hence the quality of a research depends on generalizability and thereby trustfulness and validity of the research. Maxwell (1992) on the other hand believes that the degree to which an account is generalizable is a key factor of distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Hence, in this sense validity in qualitative method is very specific to a test to which it is applied in qualitative research, which is Triangulation. 4.7.1 Triangulation Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. Mathison (1988) elaborates this by saying: Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology. (p. 13) Patton (2000) argues that triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches (p. 247). However there are some serious attacks on triangulation (See Barbour, 1998). She argues while mixing paradigms can be possible but mixing methods within one paradigm, such as qualitative research, is problematic since each method within the qualitative paradigm has its own assumption in terms of theoretical frameworks we bring to be ar on our research (p. 353). One of the paradigm of social research is constructivism, which views knowledge as a social process and may change within the change in circumstances. Crotty (1998) has defined constructivism from social perspective that the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent upon human practices, being constructed in and out of interaction between human beings and their world, and developed and transmitted within an essentially social context (p. 42). In any qualitative research, the aim is to engage in research that probes for deeper understanding rather than examining surface features (Johnson, 1995, p. 4) and constructivism may facilitate toward that aim. The constructivist notion, that reality is changing whether the observer wishes it or not (Hipps, 1993), is an indication of multiple or possibly diverse constructions of reality. Constructivism values the multiple realities that people have inside their mind. Hen ce different kinds of methods should be used to uncover those realities and validating the research process in such a constructive environment is highly important.

The Physics of Boomerangs Essay - 1379 Words

The Physics of Boomerangs The successful flight of a boomerang looks as though it never should happen. Its more or less circular flight path comes from the interaction of two physical phenomena: the aerodynamic lift of the arms of the boomerang and the spinning boomerang’s maintenance of angular momentum. Briefly put, the airfoil at the boomerang’s forward rotating edge provides more lift than its rearward rotating edge. This elevates one side of the boomerang. The spinning object maintains angular momentum by turning at a right angle to its axis of rotation. When the spin and the velocity of boomerang are just right, it flies away and returns in an aesthetically satisfying circle. The boomerang’s distinctive flight starts with†¦show more content†¦But when a fluid encounters an obstruction in an open situation--a current in a river hitting a stick or an airfoil in the air--the same general rule applies. As the fluid accelerates around an object, its pressure decreases. If an airfoil is moving through the air, then the air accelerates as it goes over it. If the air foil were symmetrical, the air pressure would drop on both sides and the foil would have no net force acting on it. But if one side of a foil were curved and the other flat, then the pressure on the curved side would be less and the foil would be drawn in the direction of the lower air pressure (or the higher pressure on the flat side would push the foil in the direction of the curved side). For example, when rules allow, race cars have an upside down foil along their bottoms to increase down force and with it, their cornering ability. Much more commonly, airplane wings and helicopter rotors use the curved foil to create low pressure areas on their top sides to allow the higher pressure under the wing/rotor to push the wing/rotor upward. The introductory chapter of John Allen’s Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion describes a complex interaction between the object the the air in motion around it. He explains that theShow MoreRelatedPhysics of Boomerangs638 Words   |  3 PagesBoomerangs are one of the first throwing machines invented by humans. Boomerangs first developed as an improvement of the carved throwing sticks. Usually made of wood and they were banana shaped; both arms were carved into curved surfaces. Typically 3 ft long and weighing 5-10 lbs. they were effective hunting tools. When thrown, boomerangs traveled parallel to the ground as far as 650 ft The physics of a Boomerang can be broken down into three simple reasons: 1. A boomerang has 2 arms or wings, similarRead MoreCompare And Contrast Batman Of Dc And Iron Man925 Words   |  4 Pagesintellect and enormous amounts of money to create technology for their powers. 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Nooyi then worked in the textile industry (Tootal) and consumer products industry (Johnson Johnson) before getting a master’s of public and private management at Yale. After graduation, she shiftedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesgraphics say that by viewing images instead of numbers, a fundamental change in the way researchers think and work is occurring. People have a lot easier time getting an intuition from pictures than they do from numbers and tables or formulas. In most physics experiments, the answer used to be a number or a string of numbers. In the last few years the answer has increasingly become a picture† (Markoff, 1988, p. D3). To illustrate the differences among thinking languages, consider the following simple problem:

Information Technologies Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Questions: 1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of star, bus, and mesh physical topologies. Provide real examples of each type.2. Explain why the OSI model is better than the TCP/IP model. Why hasn't it taken over from the TCP/IP model?3.Calculate the approximate bit rate and signal level(s) for a 3.5 MHz bandwidth system with a signal to noise ratio of 133.4.Compare IPv4 and IPv6 private addressing. Discuss address ranges and relative sizes. Why don't the same private addresses in different locations cause conflict on the Internet?5. According to RFC1939, a POP3 session is one of the following states: closed, authorization, transaction or update. Draw a diagram to show these four states and how POP3 moves between them.6. What is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and how is it used in P2P networks? Briefly, explain how a DHT works with an example of a P2P network. Answers: 1. Star topology is the connection of the nodes to the central hub. The advantages of this type of topology are many; the system is easy to install in a premise as the networking needs only a central hub and the wires that are used to connect the nodes or the computers to the hub (Bisht Singh, 2015). The star network can be seen in most of the offices where the central LAN server can be observed with which the computers are connected. The Bus topology is the networking method in which the central bus is used for connection between the nodes, the advantage of the system is lesser wire and a common backbone, in which transfer is decided by the bus master, which ensures connection between the nodes (Jiang, 2015). This topology is used in Industrial Ethernet where the RTUs send signals after equal interval of time Mesh topology is the networking where each node is connected to each other through a separate communication media. This distributed networking makes the system most versatile for sensitive networks (Lim, 2016). This networking topology is used in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) in which the mobile device is connected to multiple devices as it moves through the space, hence making a larger interconnected space. Topologies Advantages Disadvantages Star Topology Node failure doesnt affect the working of the system Easy to install Easy fault diagnosis Updating or modification is easy Expensive as it needs more cable Failure of the central node will cripple the system Terminators are required at the end of the cable Problem identification is difficult Bus Topology Very reliable for small networks Cheaper as requires lesser amount of cable Easy to extend and update Since only the bus master is given the power to transfer the next transfer has to wait till the transfer is complete Bus failure will result in termination of services Mesh Topology This topology is most versatile as, in case of redundancy the data can be rerouted through other nodes Provides best data privacy Network errors are easier to diagnose Costliest topology as the wire needed for the networking is very high Table 1: The advantages and the disadvantages of Topologies (Table Source: As created by the author) 2. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and aims to standardize the communication between the communicating devices to enhance the interoperability of devices, whereas TCP/IP is just a standard for interconnection. TCP/IP lacks the generic structure of the OSI model. OSI model consists of seven layers which divide the labor for interaction with one another on the contrary the TCP/IP model contains only five layers that makes the task of each layer complex. OSI layer has dedicated transport layer which ensures data packet delivery to the destination which saves the data loss which is common in TCP/IP. Finally the separate layer structure makes the OSI model much more versatile and easier to update compared to five layered TCP/IP model. In his textbook author Tanenbaum (2003) have discussed in detail about the failure of OSI model.The failure of the model has been attributed to three major factors which are timing, technology and the implementation and politics. The time was bad for implementation as the release of the model was delayed due to extensive research that has been carried out for the modeling and which resulted in extensive expenditure on TCP/IP. The technology was not up to the mark as few layers were empty and the others were overloaded (Severance, 2013). Due to these issues, the earlier models of the OSI were buggy. Finally, the patch up of TCP/IP with Unix buried the last hope of implementation on large-scale (Why is TCP/IP used rather than OSI? - 77624 - The Cisco Learning Network, 2016). 3. The channel capacity: 4. Private addresses are the IP addresses that are not directly connected to the internet. These IP addresses are meant for an internal network like LAN, etc., the router which connects the computer to the internet uses tools like Network Address Translator (NAT) for connecting to the internet (Matousek Skacan KoÃ…â„ ¢enek, 2013). IPv4 IPv6 Address length of IPv4 is 32 bits IPv6 has 128-bit long address They are represented in decimal numbers They are represented by the hexadecimal numbers Two types of configuration are available (manual and automatic) Only automatic configuration is available Identification of packet flow is not available Flow label is available forIPv6 header Table 3: Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 (Table source: As created by author) IPv4 which has an address length of 32 bits has the maximum address of 1016-2, but the IPv6 which used hexadecimal digits instead of decimal has a wider range of 1028 addresses. Hence IPv4 has an addressing constraint whereas IPv6 doesn't have an addressing constraint. The private addresses are used only on the local networks and are prohibited from using it in public internet. For the purpose of public interaction, the separate address is generated by NAT which removes the concept of IP conflict. Hence same IP address can be used in different networks without any conflict of interest. 5. The POP3 commands are highly dependent upon the present states which are namely the closed state, authorization state, and transaction and finally the update state after which the connection is closed again. The authorization starts after the connection has been established between the client and the server. For the connection, the between the two sides TCP three-way handshake is used. During the authorization, the client sends the username and password, and the authorization is granted to the user. In the second state, the information about the transaction state is provided, and the data regarding the e-mails are provided (Fujiwara Newman Yao, 2013). During the transaction, the STAT for the status, LIST for the content, RETR for returning the messages and DELE for deletion of the messages are the major signals. The messages are updated following the initial transactions, and apart from the above, various other signals are generated for the update. Finally, during the close session, QUIT command is generated for terminating the connection. Image 4: The four states of POP3 and how it moves through the stages (Image Source: As created by author in Visio) 6. A hash table is the data structure used for implementation of the arrays for mapping the keys to the values which help in finding and retrieving the desired values. Hence the DHT could be understood as the distributed system that offers services similar to hash tables. P2P (Peer-to-Peer) is an application that is structured in a way to distribute the tasks among the peers so that the workload is distributed among the peers and the workload is reduced. In a P2P system, the every peer is an equal contributor and equipotent in term of resource allocation. The peers of the system allocate a portion of their computing resources for carrying out the tasks (He et al.,2016). The most common type of structured P2P systems is implemented through DHT. In DHT, the hash tags are given to the various segments that are available with the different peers. The foundation of the DHT consists of abstract keyspace which are bit-strings. A program then slits the partnership of the keyspace among the peers, then an overlay network communicates between the nodes to which allows them to track the real file (DAcunto et al., 2013). BitTorrent is a similar P2P program which uses its protocol for transferring and receiving the files. It is a two tier P2P that also allows searches across the network. BitTorrent is completely server less as the files are distributed all over the network and the distributed computing from the shared computers. The user of the service becomes a decentralized connected network. References Bisht, N., Singh, S. (2015). Analytical Study if different Network Topologies. DAcunto, L., Chiluka, N., Vink, T., Sips, H. (2013). BitTorrent-like P2P approaches for VoD: A comparative study.Computer Networks,57(5), 1253-1276. Fujiwara, K., Newman, C., Yao, J. (2013). Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) Support for UTF-8. He, Q., Dong, Q., Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Qiang, B. (2016). P2P Traffic Optimization based on Congestion Distance and DHT.Journal of Internet Services and Information Security (JISIS),6(2), 53-69. Jiang, R. (2015). A review of Network Topology. Lim, F. P. (2016). A Review-Analysis of Network Topologies for Microenterprises.Small,3, 15-000. Matouek, J., SkaÄ an, M., KoÃ…â„ ¢enek, J. (2013, April). Towards hardware architecture for memory efficient IPv4/IPv6 Lookup in 100 Gbps networks. InDesign and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits Systems (DDECS), 2013 IEEE 16th International Symposium on(pp. 108-111). IEEE. Severance, C. (2013). Andrew Tanenbaum: Writing the Book on Networks.Computer,46(12), 9-10. Tanenbaum, A. S. (2003). Computer networks, 4-th edition.Ed: Prentice Hall. Why is TCP/IP used rather than OSI? - 77624 - The Cisco Learning Network. (2016). Learningnetwork.cisco.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/77624

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Example For Students

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Title: The Effects of Substrate Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Hydrolysis of the Enzyme Trypsin. Abstract: Quantitative measurements can relate both temperature and substrate concentration to the enzymatic activity of trypsin. By analyzing the data, it is suggested that at BAPNA concentrations below those corresponding to Vmax are rate limiting, as less active sights are available for adhesion. The values of Vmax and Km relate a temperate catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The temperature range of most efficiency for the enzyme was those between 36 and 54 degrees Celsius. Introduction: Enzymes are specialized proteins that aid in formation or breakdown of larger protein or multi-protein complexes. Trypsin is a pancreatic protease that digests proteins by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds in proteins. It has a high degree of specificity and will only hydrolize the peptide bonds that occur on the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. Generally hydrolytic reactions occur with the addition of water to breakdown a large protein into two protein fragments. Substrate concentra tion and temperature both would interfere and affect with the hydrolysis of Na-benzol-L-arginly-p-nitroanalide (BAPNA) into arginina and p-nitroaniline (PNA). An increase in the substrate concentration would most likely enhance the conversion into PNA, as collisions between the enzyme and substrate would increase. Temperature and pH can both influence the kinetics of an enzyme (Karp 100). Trypsin, being an organic enzyme, would probably work most effectively at temperatures consistent with biological life, falling in the ranges of 34C and 40C. The change in PNA concentration can be plotted against BAPNA concentration or temperature. To measure the kinetics of an enzyme, two variables can be found, Vmax and Km. Km is the estimated substrate concentration required for the reaction to advance at one half Vmax. Vmax is the maximal velocity of the reaction. These two values can be determined from the double reciprocal of the Michalelis-Menton equation or the Lineweaver-Burke Plot, with t he y intercept being 1/ Vmax, and the x intercept being -1/ Km. the equations are as follows:Michalelis-Mentonvelocity of reaction= Vmax (substrate concentration)/( Kms) Lineweaver-Burke plot 1/velocity= Km/ Vmax*1/sibstrate concentration+1/ VmaxMethods: Part 1: Effect of Substrate Concentration on Velocity Cuvette one was placed into the spectrophotometer containing the following: 0.1 ml of 10X buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl and 160 mM CaCl2), and 0.9 ml H2O. The absorbance was then read using a wavelength of 410 nm, and the absorbance number was used as a blank for the rest of the lab. The cuvette contained no PNA (the colored substrate) and hence is the reading when no reaction is taking place. The wavelength was chosen because the substrate is colored yellow, and a color other than yellow was needed to penetrate the cuvette, (410 nm is blue light). The absorbencies were then found using the following concentrations (in mM): 0.020, 0.040, 0.060, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, 0.160, and 0.200. Th e results were then plotted with the absorbance being the dependent variable and the concentration the independent. The extinction coefficient, also called the molar absorption coefficient, could then calculated using the equation provided by the Biology 152 Lab Manual, E=A/cl were E is the extinction coefficient, A the absorbance, c the product of concentration, and l the length of the light path. With the extinction coefficient found, the rate of reaction could be found. We will write a custom essay on TRYPSIN LAB specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 0.1 ml of 10X buffer and 0.4 ml of H2O were added to two cuvettes and gently mixed. 0.4 ml of 1 mM BAPNA was then added to each. To cuvette one, an additional 0.1 ml of H2O was added and mixed and placed in the spectrophotometer. This was the control to measure the hydrolysis of BAPNA in the absence of enzyme. In the second cuvette 0.1 ml of enzyme was added and mixed, then placed into the spectrophotometer. Readings of the absorbencies were taken every 15 seconds for ten minuets. The extinction coefficient was then used to convert each absorbance reading to PNA concentration. .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postImageUrl , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:visited , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active { border:0!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: EToys EssaySeven tubes were prepared with the following a constant of 10X buffer, water, and enzyme. Added to the mixture were the following amounts (in ml) of BABNA before placing into the spectrophotometer: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80. Corresponding amounts of H2O were then added in the following amounts (ml): 0.75, .70, .60, .50, .35, .20, and .00.The absorbencies were read every 15 seconds for 2.5 minuets. The PNA concentration was then plotted as a function of time. The slope of the linear portion of the graph represented the initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis as a function of time. The linear properties of the graph begin to wane as the BAPNA supply decreases over time. The increasing of PNA concentration will drive the initial velocity of the equation equal of lesser to Vmax and extent the linear portion of the graph. More trypsin would invariably provide more active sites to which BAPNA molecules can bind. The initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis is thus greater. Dropping the concentration would have the opposite effect, lowering the initial velocity of the reaction, limiting the linear region, as the former extends the linear region. Part 2: Effect of Temperature on VelocityObtain constant amounts of 10X buffer, H2O, BAPNA, and enzyme and place into cuvettes, saving the addition of enzyme until last. Acquire prescribed temperature by lowering the bottom of the cuvette into a bath for two minuets. When removed, add the enzyme, place in the spectrometer with the same 410 nm setting and record absorbances every 15 seconds for two and a half minuets. Repeat for the following temperatures (C): 10, 38, 45, 47, 50, and 54. Use data to determine the ideal temperature for enzyme action. The reaction rate against the BAPNA concentration of the hydrolysis of BAPNA displays a preliminary linear increase in the rate of reaction with a gradual decrease in the change of rate with substrate concentration to Vmax. The Lineweaver-Burke plot graph (Fig 1) estimated the value of Vmax to be 0.0627 mM/min, while the Km estimated was 0.413 mM. The equation for the double reciprocal was 1/velocity=(6.586) 1/substrate conc.+15.947. The curve representing the rate of reaction versus time demonstrated a low rate of reaction for the low temperature extremes, including 10C. The most efficient temperature demonstrated by our experiment was that of 54C. However when the temperature was increased to 56C, the reaction declined. Each graphical representation of the individual temperatures carried with it similar characteristics. Each possessed an initial linear relationship, and then each began to level off as the extinction coefficient was reached. The results of our first experiment displayed that as the concentration of substrate in a solution of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Enzymes work on the principal that substrate is formed by random collisions between enzyme and substrate. Hence more of either will increase the production of product. Our data showed this too is true, as product was formed at a faster rate with more enzymes, than of those solutions containing less. The values of Km and Vmax (0.413 mM and 0.0627 respectively) obtained from Fig 1 imply that trypsin has a moderate affinity for its substrate. Trypsin is also sensitive to temperature. Higher temperatures seemingly denature the enzyme, changing its structure and hence it is no longer able to fit in the substrates active site. Being a biological enzyme, it would assume to work well at temperatures associated with biological life, which it did, working optimally within the range of 36-54 degrees Celsius. Below this temperature, little activity was observed as the molecules were moving in a slower fashion, and the shape once again is changed. Karp, G. (1996) Bioenergetics. Pages 91-103 in Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments Second Edition. John Wiley Sons Inc., New YorkBibliography:

The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay Example

The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay Example The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay Essay Topic: The Picture of Dorian Gray On the excerpt analyzed, Basil Hallways paid Dorian visit to see why he had changed so much. Dorian leads Basil upstairs to where the portrait lies. Before murdered, upon seeing the portrait, Basil made a direct reference from the bible by saying your sins be as scarlet, yet I will make them as white as snow also a simile, meaning that he could reverse the damage done on the portrait. After Basil analyzed the portrait and criticized it, Dorian had this epiphany and was overcome with a strong hate awards Basil. With the use words like mad, loathed, hatred, which evoke a negative diction and somber tone, you can foreshadow that Dorian plans to do something not so pleasant with Basil. The theme of sanity versus insanity was displayed when Dorian stabbed Basil repeatedly and kills him. Dorian had become insane and does not know right from wrong. In Oscar Wilds The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian is a dynamic character that was influenced to believe that he could do anything and not e punished because of his beauty. After killing Basil, Dorian referred to his body as the thing. The symbolism being that is, Dorian no longer thinks of basil as human being, the imagery was used in the description how basil was killed and help envision the state he was left In, both adding to Doormans characterization. Dorian was driven by the mad passions of an animal, him being an animal himself. When describing how Basil was left leaning over the table with dripping blood, a lot of mommas were used for the reader to pause and draw emphasis on what Is being said. Dorian Gray has gone Insane and became strongly Influence by Lord Henry. Decision-making became solely based on the outcome of the portrait, and since the portrait would hold the burden of all his sins Dorian feels he has the freedom to do anything he wants. Dorian has become an evil, cruel person with no feelings that switched sanity for Insanity having no conscience control over his actions.

Performance Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Performance Management Systems - Essay Example The tools to help manage and track performance management across organizations have been in place for considerably less time. In fact, most of the oldest of those in use today have only been on the market a little longer than five years. Systematizing the performance management systems has its benefits. Taking into account the case of Saba's Enterprise Performance solutions, it offers the following advantages: First, it focuses people on strategic initiatives, such as responding to new competitors, launching a product, or investing in a new line of business. The identification of strategic initiatives and making it visible across the organization shapes the goals and the competencies required for each individual in the organization. Beneath these are operational objectives that focus on what you need to do to achieve strategic aims. Prioritizing these will identify key areas of activity and areas where additional effort or resource will be directed to deliver improvement. Operational priorities will influence the decisions that managers make on a yearly, monthly and even daily basis. Second, it helps organizations execute on their business strategy by focusing people on strategic initiatives resulting to goal alignment of individual activities and organizational goals. One of the biggest challenges that organizations face in developing their personnel for maximum business gains is aligning development efforts with the organization's goals. In a recent survey by Bersin & Associates, 60% of training managers indicated that their biggest challenge was to be sure their efforts were aligned with the company's business strategy. In fact, the idea of performance management is to combine the viewpoints of the organization, the individual, and the environment. Third, it offers performance assessment capabilities designed to increase the productivity of individuals and the overall organization. Top performing organizations combine performance and improvement in a single agenda, often establishing a senior management group with responsibility for both. These groups, sometimes including executive portfolio holders, take responsibility for: regularly monitoring and acting on key performance indicators that reflect corporate priorities, setting standards for performance and expectations of when action needs to be taken identifying tolerances for performance , asking challenging questions about performance , ensuring that there are robust action plans to address under-performance, redirecting resources where necessary , following up planned actions, ensuring they have led to improvement , and sending out a clear signal that performance and improvement are being taken seriously at the highest level. Lastly, it focuses learning resources on organizational and competitive goals. To be successful today, organizations must focus on understanding who they are and where they want to go (the vision and mission), setting clear expectations of the outcomes to be achieved by the organization (goals and objectives) and describing how people should perform their roles to deliver the vision, mission and goals (the competency system). Having a clear direction and defined outcomes doesn't seem to be sufficient to drive

Ethnography of a Group or Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnography of a Group or Community - Essay Example The instructor pinpoints his disappointments of the way the international students in the class are performing compared to the Americans despite of issuance of similar lectures and notes. The issue of the level of English among the foreign students comes up with the instructor indicating that some of the members require attending English classes and threatens not to mark the poorly written papers that are submitted. The instructor furthermore called on an African student called Antony, Asking whether the English he had written to answer the assessment questions is the one that Kenyans use. He claims that where he instructs students is in the United States and not in Kenya; hence, all students that come from similar places where English is a second language required to improve accordingly. American students joined the lecture explaining how the international students do not know to speak to them in a pure English and categorically the Americans in the class indicates that the do not p refer interaction with the international students.† There has been an increased interconnection of different areas of studies globally in different education sectors (Bevis and Lucas). Subsequently, many international students have enrolled in American universities following the demand of higher and high quality higher education. Researchers have indicated that more than 10 billion international students are enrolled in the American universities. However, the diversified cultural backgrounds of the international students’ lead strains in adjusting to the new environment. The environment becomes unfavorable due to factors such as the international students language constrictions, social behaviors, and cultural differences. The environment that the International students face once in a foreign country has a totally different cultural background owing to the fact that most of the students come from different geographic regions and backgrounds. Consequently, most of the int ernational students in the United States universities are prone to unique challenging situations such as probable prejudice and discrimination, language barriers and various aspects evolving from the different cultural backgrounds. The level of English proficiency for the international students is a main aspect related to how well the student will cope with the new environment. English proficiency has a great impact on the level of stress that the students face while trying to adjust to the new environment. The international students who show an improved level of English proficiency easily adapt to the new environment with ease compared to those with low English adeptness. In addition, English proficiency clearly manifests in the students’ studies results accordingly. Recently, this factor on language has had increased attention globally; leave alone in the United States, to help the international students improve levels of English fluency to avoid the depressive feelings ass ociated with limited communication with other students and instructors in the universities because of low levels of proficiency. Consequently, this raises the issue of whether the international students should attend English lectures as an additional program. Most students, in particular the international students, have a sense of feeling intimidated or perceives themselves as outcasts on advise to take English classes. These indicate that the aspect of language

The cask of amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cask of amontillado - Essay Example Jealousy and pride are two of the most basic human traits that it oftentimes drives a person to murder as an act of revenge upon the person whom one feels has bested him, as in the case of Montresor and the unfortunately named Fortunato. As indicated in the opening statement of the story â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge.† (Poe 743). Within the context of the story, we can see that Montresor feels that Fortunato has made a fool of him many times and has thus, hurt his pride often. Reaching his tipping point, he then vows to exact revenge upon Fortunato, though he is unsure of whether his desire to kill the other is based upon jealousy or revenge. Montresor proves to be a master of mind games as he successfully uses reverse psychology in order to continue to entice Fortunato towards the deep catacombs where his death awaited him. He appealed to the vanity and pride of Fortunato in order to ensure the success of his plans. This leads the reader to conclude that Montresor has a perverse mind that simply wanted to do Fortunato fatal harm even though he had not done anything within the storyline to deserve such a fate. Yet towards the end, we see that Montresor still has some control over his mental faculties as he senses guilt and remorse over what he has done to Fortunato. A man whom he knows truly has not done anything wrong to him except to be better than him in certain ways. Thus we see a man, psychologically conflicted and unable to deal with the results of his actions in his

An essay on different genres including the Ghost genre and the Fantasy

An essay on different genres including the Ghost genre and the Fantasy & Adventure genre I have chosen two completely different genres to base my essay on. Firstly, I have the mysterious and gripping Ghost Genre; the books I have studied are â€Å"The Woman in Black†, â€Å"The Langoliers† and the spooky film, â€Å"The Others†. The second genre is Fantasy & Adventure. The book I am studying is â€Å"Lirael†, a recent book written by Australian author Garth Nix. â€Å"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of The Ring†, directed by Peter Jackson is the film that I am analysing. There are many, definite trends to ghost stories, no matter what the novel is about. They are all usually set in remote areas and are about haunting. Death is usually common in scary stories also. Dense fog creates mysteriousness in the ghost genre and scary stories. It is not just used in books, but is a frequent trick displayed in films. The Langoliers is a gripping novel about a flight from L.A. to Boston, where the passengers somehow disappear when the plane is caught in a time warp, and pilot Brian Engle is left on his own, attempting to land the stray flight. â€Å"Brian peered out of the cockpit window. Outside, all that was visible were peaks of the Rocky Mountains, which were engulfed in a dense, dark fog.† The above quote is used by writer Stephen King to make the reader believe that the plane is now completely lost as the pilot cannot see any landmarks to pinpoint where he is! In the film â€Å"The Others† mist is constantly used when snapshots of the outside of the house are shown to create an eerie atmosphere. This works very well as it looks like the mansion is in the middle of nowhere and that the inhabitants are trapped inside, because if... ...the â€Å"L.O.T.R.† Merry and Pippin (two hobbits) are captured, Boromir is slain by an Orc and Frodo and Sam leave and decide to complete their task alone. In â€Å"Lirael† Sameth realizes that his friend Nicholas has been captured by Hedge and sets off to find him, ending the book on a cliff-hanger! I have found that, like Ghost stories, the Fantasy Genre has certain trends too. There are two sides, good and evil, the main characters are usually on quests and have a companion, and the weather matches the mood of people involved in the story. Also, in both â€Å"Lirael† of course the â€Å"L.O.T.R.† magic is used frequently. ‘Train of thought’ is not used often though as so much is happening in the novel. To summarise although all stories within a certain Genre are totally contrasting, they are similar in their sentence structure, characters, and of course†¦ storyline.

Macro Enviroment

Contents Topic PRELIMINARY MATEIALS1. Cover Page2. Table of Contents3. Summary2. 0 BODY OF REPORT Analysis of Mars:2. 1 Introduction2. 2 Introduction to Mars description2. 3 Mars history and development2. 4 The Macro environment2. 4. 1 Demographic forces2. 4. 2 Economic Forces2. 4. 3 Natural Forces2. 4. 4 Technological Forces2. 4. 5 Political Forces2. 4. 6 Cultural Forces2. 5 Organizations within the industry2. 5. 1 Market Position2. 5. 2 Target Markets2. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s)2. 5. 3. 1 Product2. 5. 3. 2 Price2. 5. 3. 3 Promotion2. 5. 3. Place2. 6. Strength and weakness of Mars2. 6. 1 Strengths2. 6. 2 Weaknesses2. 6. 3 Opportunities2. 6. 4 Threads2. 7 Conclusion2. 8 References3. 0 BODY OF REPORT   Analysis of Kit Kat:3. 1 Introduction3. 2 Introduction of Kit Kat description:3. 3 Kit Kat history and brand development3. 3. 1 Varieties product of Kit Kat3. 4 Macro environment:3. 4. 1 Demographic Force3. 4. 2 Economic Force3. 4. 3 Natural Force3. 4. 4 Technological Force 3. 4. 5 Political Force3. 4. 6 Cultural Force3. 5 Organizations within the industry3. 5. 1 Market Position3. 5. 2 Target Markets3. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s)3. 5. 3. 1 Product3. 5. 3. 2 Price3. 5. 3. 3 Promotion3. 5. 3. 4 Place3. 6 The analysis of the business environment3. 6. 1 Strength3. 6. 2 Weaknesses3. 6. 3 Opportunities3. 6. 4 Threat3. 7 Conclusion3. 8 References1. 4 SummaryIn this assignment of brand analysis and information, products that I choose are chocolate brands. Two brand that been analyze is Mars and Kit Kat in China’s Market. Basically, Mars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the world’s leading confectionery; food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and health & nutrition businesses. Mars incorporated was founded in 1911. It operates in more than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The company’s global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. SWOT analysis is taken in consideration to match the company’s strength to attractive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats Besides that, Kit Kat products are under Nestle Company. Nestle is the largest food company in the world measured by revenue. Nestle was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Company. Nestle set several qualitative objectives on people who consume Kit Kat, with the vision that Kit Kat would be the natural choice for all breaks. Kit Kat is one of the world’s leading chocolate brands. There were different variety of flavour and shape of Kit Kat products being develop. In macro environment, there are some factor that can have a big impact in it which includes demographic force, economic force, natural force, technological force, political force and cultural force. SWOT analysis is taken in consideration to match the company’s strength to attractive opportunities in the environment, while estimating or overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats. ANALYSIS OF MARS 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Mars  which is also  called Mars bar is a  chocolate bar  manufactured by  Mars, Incorporated. It was first manufactured in  Slough,  Berkshirein the United Kingdom in 1932 as a sweeter version of the US  Milky Way bar  which Mars, Inc. Produced. It was advertised to the trade as being made with Cadbury's chocolate as ‘couverture'. In the United States, a different confection bears the Mars bar name. Featuring nougat, soft caramel, and almonds coated in milk chocolate, the American Mars bar was relaunched in 2010 after being discontinued in 2002. Mars is a very private company, which rarely interacts with the media because it wants to be known for its products rather than its executives. The company’s secrecy is legendary, and many rumors have circulated about the Mars’ management skills and other business factors. The business’ structure is unconventional with no executive offices and no executive parking spaces. Low ranking and high ranking executives sit together to improve functionality and communication. Mars runs its business based on the philosophy of five principals: Quality:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The consumer is our boss, quality is our work and value for money is our goal. Responsibility: â€Å"As individuals we demand the total responsibility from ourselves; as associates we support the responsibilities of others. † Mutuality:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A mutual benefit is a shared benefit; a shared benefit will endure. † Efficiency:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We use resources to the full, waste nothing and do only what we can do best. † Freedom:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We need freedom to shape our future; we need profit to remain free. † 2. 2 INTRODUCTION TO MARS DESCRIPTION Mars, Incorporated  is an American manufacturer of  confectionery, pet food, and other food products with  US$30 billion in annual sales in 2010, and is ranked as the 5th largest privately held company in the United States by Forbes. Mars, Incorporated, through its subsidiaries, engages in producing and selling chocolates, pet care, and food products in the United States and internationally. It provides pet medicine, nutrition, and food products; ready-made meals, sauces, relishes, and cooking aids; chocolates, chewing gums, candies, and mints; and drinks, including hot chocolate drinks, teas, and coffees. The company also offers insights to dog owners; DNA testing kits for canines; natural substrates to grow plants; and CocoaVia, which provides products that allow cocoa flavanols for healthy lifestyle. Mars believes in implementing their five guiding principles like quality, responsibility, mutuality, efficiency and freedom at all levels of choices made by the company, and the manner in which Mars does business. Mars, Incorporated is generating global sales of more than $28 billion annually and operating in six business segments: Chocolate, Petcare, Wrigley Gum and Confections, Food, Drinks, and Symbioscience. These sections produce some of the world’s leading brands: Chocolate – M&M’S ®, SNICKERS ®, DOVE ®, GALAXY ®, MARS ®, MILKY WAY ® and TWIX ®; Petcare – PEDIGREE ®, WHISKAS ®, SHEBA ®, CESAR ®, NUTRO ®, GREENIES ®, and ROYAL CANIN ®; Wrigley – ORBIT ®, EXTRA ®, STARBURST ®, DOUBLEMINT ® and SKITTLES ®; Food – UNCLE BEN’S ®, DOLMIO ®, EBLY ®, MASTERFOODS ® and SEEDS OF CHANGE ®; Drinks – KLIX ® and FLAVIA ®; Symbioscience – WISDOM PANELâ„ ¢, SERAMIS ®, CIRKUHEALTHâ„ ¢ and COCOAPRO ®. 2. 3 MARS HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Mars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the world’s leading confectionery; food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and health & nutrition businesses. It was founded in 1911, the company manufactures and markets a variety of products under many of the world’s most recognizable trademarks, including MILKYWAY ®, M&M’s ®, SNICKERS ®, MARS ®, UNCLE BEN’S ® Rice, and PEDIGREE ® and WHISKAS ® pet care products. Its headquartered are in McLean, Virginia, Mars Incorporated operates in more than 65 countries and employed more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The company’s global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. Frank Mars was born in Minnesota, USA in 1882. Due to mild polio his walking was impaired. His mother taught him to hand dip chocolate as a means to keep him entertained. Frank married in 1902 and in 1904, Forrest Mars Sr. was born, in Minnesota. Frank Mars and his second wife started making and selling butter cream candies from their third home in Washington, in 1911. This led them to renting their first candy factory, the Mars Candy factory Inc, which employed 125 staff. In 1920, Frank moved to a larger site in Minnesota, which he called nougat house. The Mar-o-bar was introduced to the candy range in 1922. With a larger site for distribution of this candy the Mar-o-bar company was launched. After three years of researching, the Milky Way candy bar was introduced and was an instant success. Sales increased and more staff was hired. In 1929 Mars incorporated, now with 200 staff, relocated from Minneapolis to Chicago. The central location of Chicago offered a better railroad access to the rest of the country. The Snickers bar was launched in 1930. Forrest Mars Snr arrived in the UK in Slough to start his own business in 1932. The Mars confectionary business diversifies with the acquisition of the dog food business in the UK. M&M’S ® Brand Milk Chocolate Candies were initially sold to the general public in 1941 and gained popularity from the American GIs serving in World War II. The delicious confection was packed in a tube and served with their food rations. M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies were sold in the military as a neat, convenient snack that traveled well in any climate. By the late 1940s, M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies became widely available to the public and the reception was excellent. As America entered the 1950s, M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies became a household name, particularly with the growth of television. In 1954, M&M’S ® Peanut Chocolate Candies were introduced and the sales of both varieties continued to grow. That same year the universally loved M&M’S ® Brand Characters and the famous slogan, â€Å"The Milk Chocolate Melts in Your Mouth, Not in Your Hand ®,† debuted in the brand’s initial TV advertising. The popularity of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies continued throughout the 1960s and 1970s as the brand firmly established itself as an icon of American culture. Even with decades of phenomenal success behind it, Mars North America never forgot that quality and consumer satisfaction were paramount. M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies have continued to be a part of recent American history. In 1982, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies were the first candy chosen by space shuttle astronauts to be included in their food supply. M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies are now on permanent display at the space food exhibit of the National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D. C. In 1984, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies supported international athletes as the Official Snack of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The 1990s brought two new products to the M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies family. In 1990, the company began selling M&M’S ® Peanut Butter Candies. M&M’S ® Almond Chocolate Candies, first introduced as a seasonal product in 1988, went national in 1992. For many years, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies have offered a variety of vivid seasonal blends to highlight the holidays, including Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Easter and Halloween. In 1995, consumers across the country became a part of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies history by voting the addition of a new color to the mix. Americans chose between pink, purple, blue or no change. An astounding 10,234,142 votes later, the color blue won by a landslide and appeared in packages everywhere in September of that year. The year 1996 will be remembered as the year M&M’S ® lovers began to customize their color combinations with 21 colors in special dispensers located in selected specialty stores across the country. In 2005, MY M&M’S ® launched as a personalized printing option online at mymms. com, providing consumers the opportunity to print custom messages on a selection of 22 different colored M&M’S ® to celebrate everyday occasions. The historic moment in 1997 was the debut of Ms. Green, the first femM&M’S ® Character. Ms. Green has starred in a number of commercials with the popular Emmy Award-winning comedian Dennis Miller. A multi-faceted motivational speaker and author, Green was on tour promoting her autobiography, I Melt For No One, and has quickly achieved the celebrity status of her male live-action colleagues – Red, Yellow and Blue M&M’S ® Characters. In 1998, the M&M’S ® Brand Spokescandies declared themselves the â€Å"Official Candy of the New Millenniumâ„ ¢. † Since MM means 2000 in Roman Numerals, M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies was the only candy brand that could make that connection, leveraging the Millennium fever for all it as worth. Another major milestone for the M&M’S ® Brand occurred in early January 1999 with the national introduction of M&M’S ® Crispy Chocolate Candies, a crispy rice center surrounded by milk chocolate and covered with a chocolate candy shell. At the same time, the M&M’S ® Crispy Character made his debut for the 1999 Super Bowl. Crispy, the neurotic, orange Character, starred in seven different television spots featuring famous celebrities Halle Berry, Diedrich Bader and Patrick Warburton. In June of 2000, Red, the famous M&M’S ® Spokescandy, had a celebration of his own. After years of trying, Red finally convinced the company he didn’t want to be called â€Å"Plain,† anymore. As a result, the No. 1 candy brand in the world is now known as M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate. M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, its tagline now said, have the â€Å"Same Great Taste, Much Better Name. † In 2002, M&M’S ® asked the world, â€Å"What color would you choose? † in the first-ever GLOBAL COLOR VOTEâ„ ¢. The GLOBAL COLOR VOTEâ„ ¢ marked the largest promotion ever in the 61-year history of M&M’S ®. Voters in more than 200 countries voted on which color – pink, purple or aqua – would join the famous M&M’S ® mix. Voters hailed from all ends of the Earth. Approximately 10 million votes were cast and purple was crowned the winning color. In 2004, the M&M’S ® Brand experienced a color disruption where all M&M’S ® turned black and white. The company launched the Great Color Quest contest, which led consumers to collect black and white M&M’S ® bags. Six bags featuring all the colors were scattered across the country waiting to be found. Eventually the colors returned with a larger signature â€Å"m† on each candy and a new blend of color for a brighter mix. The year 2006 marked the permanent introduction of M&M’S ® Dark. The brand declared â€Å"Dark Just Got Fun† by having the spokescandy Red appear in famous art masterpieces. Red first appeared playing hopscotch on Edvard Munch’s famous existential masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream,† which had been stolen from the Oslo Museum one year earlier in a highly publicized international art theft. The brand announced a reward of 2 million dark chocolate M&M’S ® for the recovery. Just days after the announcement, the painting was found by Norwegian police, which begged the questions, â€Å"Was it the M&M’S ®? † In 2007, M&M’S ® revealed â€Å"Lady Liberty’s† fun side with a 50-foot statue in New York Harbor. The smiling statue kicked off a new campaign encouraging all Americans to find their Inner M&M (or fun side) inside of them at mms. com. The M&M’S ® Brand has represented superior quality and enjoyment to consumers since Mr. Frank C. Mars founded the brand in 1940. The appeal of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies is universal, crossing age, gender and national boundaries and bringing colorful chocolate fun to everyone. On Valentine’s Day 2008, Ms. Green fanned the flames on decades of speculation that The Green Ones hold special aphrodisiac powers. The brand celebrated the myths, rumors and innuendo surrounding The Green Ones by displaying limited-edition all-green M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies amidst the holiday’s traditional sea of red and pink. Packages of the candies included the following disclaimer: â€Å"Consumption of The Green Ones ® may result in elevated Romance Levels. If you experience this effect, contact your Significant Other immediately. † An online campaign encouraged American fans to interact and show their support for Ms. Green in her quest to make green the new color of love. Later in 2008, M&M’S ® introduced a fun new way to experience premium chocolate through the introduction of M&M’S ® Premiums – from the shimmering gem-like way the chocolate candy looked to the variety of exotic tastes, M&M’S ® Premiums redefined the premium chocolate experience. Today, there are more than nine permanent varieties of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies, and then Seasonal Candies made for special occasions including Easter, Halloween and Valentine’s Day. Customers seem to be most passionate about the color found in each bag of M&M’S ® Chocolate Candies. Existing product lines include: M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Dark Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Premiums, M&M’S ® Peanut Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Dark Chocolate Peanut Candies, M&M’S ® Almond Chocolate Candies, M&M’S ® Peanut Butter Chocolate Candies, M&M’ ®Chocolate Mini Baking Bits, MY M&M’S ® Milk Chocolate Candies, and M&M’S ® MINIS ® Milk Chocolate Candies. SNICKERS The SNICKERS ® Bar was first introduced to the public in 1930. The SNICKERS ® name came from a favorite horse of the Mars family. SNICKERS ® Bar is made of peanut butter nougat topped with caramel and roasted peanuts and covered with milk chocolate. The peanuts are crisp-textured special grade, which have great flavor and stay fresh. From 1933 to 1935, SNICKERS ® Bar was a two-piece bar and was called â€Å"Double SNICKERS. † In 1936, the bar returned to a single format. During the next 50 years, the SNICKERS ® Bar evolved into various sizes. In 1953, handy Snickers six-packs were created for in-home consumption. In 1979, â€Å"Fun-Size† SNICKERS ® Bars hit candy shelves nationwide. In 1990, the introduction of bite-size SNICKERS ® â€Å"Miniatures† proved satisfying to even the slightest of appetites. In 1984, SNICKERS ® Bar became the Official Snack Food sponsor of the Olympics in Los Angeles. SNICKERS ® Brand launched its first ice cream product, the SNICKERS ® Ice Cream Cone, during National Ice Cream Month in July 1994. The SNICKERS ® Ice Cream Bar was introduced two years later in 1996. SNICKERS ® Bar is currently the number-one-selling candy bar in the United States and is consistently named as the â€Å"Favorite Candy Brand† across all age groups in the U. S. SNICKERS ® is sold in more than 70 countries around the world. In 2002, the UK Mars bar was reformulated and repackaged. This made it sell for more money. The nougat was made lighter, the chocolate on top became thinner, and the overall weight of the bar was reduced slightly. This was met with outrage from Mars purists, as in a sales pitch to local media in Slough, the change in ingredients was to follow the trend of its sister the Milky Way bar and 5 Star bars. Product designers at The Mars Candy Company in the US put this down to nostalgia over the past hugely popular  Starbar, which also contained the same reinvented ‘light whipped nougatine. The packaging was also redesigned with a less-bold and a more cursive logo. The slogan â€Å"Pleasure you can't measure†, was intended to appeal to a more feminine, youthful market. M&Ms Chocolate Candies were first sold in the year 1941. The candies were consumed by World War II soldiers, as the candies were an easily packaged energy snack. Forrest Mars Sr. invented the M&Ms recipe after witnessing soldiers from the Spanish Civil War â€Å"eati ng pellets of chocolate encased in a hard sugary coating† (Mars Incorporated, 2008). These candies were easy to take along, as they id not melt easily. M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies were very popular in the 1940s and 50s. Mars introduced M&Ms Peanut Chocolate Candies in 1954, along with the characters and slogan, â€Å"The milk chocolate melts in your mouth—not in your hand†Ã‚ ®. The original candies were chocolate colored, with red, yellow and green introduced in 1960, and orange in 1976. In 2000, the name â€Å"M&Ms Plain Chocolate Candies† was changed to â€Å"M&Ms Milk Chocolate Candies†. Mars's purchase of Doane Petcare Company in June 2007 significantly increased its position in the U. S. dry pet food category. In addition to these businesses, Mars also operates a chain of premium chocolate shops across the United States called Ethel's. These shops are an outgrowth of the Ethel M premium chocolate business that Forrest Mars started in Las Vegas in 1980 when he became bored with retirement. On April 28, 2008, Mars, Incorporated, together with  Berkshire Hathaway Incorporated, announced the buyout of  Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, the world's largest chewing gum producer, for $23 billion in an all-cash deal. The two companies together are expected to generate sales in excess of $27 billion. The company spent more than $1. 8 million on lobbying during 2008, almost all of it at  Patton Boggs, where it has long been one of the largest lobbying clients. Mars also spent $10,000 atSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. In 2009, Mars also hired  Ernst & Young  to lobby on corporate and international tax issues, including issues related to tax changes proposed by the Obama administration. The company spent another $1,655,000 that year. Until sold in June 2006, a division of Mars known as  Mars Electronics International  produced, among other products, coin mechanisms such as those used in vending machines. MEI also manufactured  bill validators, which were among the most common bill validators found in the US. A further Mars business  Four Square   utilize those products formerly made at MEI in their vending machines. Four Square comprises the  Flavia  and  Klix  brands. Flavia  operates within the US, UK and Japanese markets, while  Klix  operates within UK, Germany and France. In 2007, Mars, Incorporated undertook a major rebranding operation which saw, among other global changes, Four Square being renamed to  Mars Drinks, the pet food division that is formerly part of Masterfoods being renamed to Mars Petfoods and Masterfoods itself (the largest division of Mars, Incorporated) being renamed to Mars Snacks. Mars has taken upon itself the responsibility of seeking to ensure that the company delivers mutual benefit to all with whom it interacts: associates, consumers, trade partners, our communities, and last but not least our planet. With a firm belief that the company’s actions should never be at the expense, economic or otherwise, of others with whom they work, Mars strongly believes that only success that is shared can be sustained and it is their goal to achieve this in all that they do. Mars firmly believes that contributing positively to the environment and local communities is critical to the way the company does business. This includes the company’s products, brands and operations. Mars formulates and implements its business plan with a full understanding of the fact that the company’s social, environmental and economic values and practices impact where Mars does business and how it operates, particularly given the scope and scale of the global environmental challenges. Mars also recognizes that their long-term economic growth is inter-linked with their ability to adhere to the definition of sustainability produced by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 ; â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Mars’ commitment to sustainability builds on the company’s long-standing ethical commitment to the individual and the larger community. With the company’s fundamental belief being that the only lasting success is shared success, this means success across the social, economic and environmental spectrum. The Mars Scientific A dvisory Council (MSAC), established in 2007, extends the expertise and builds on the significant contributions of scientific advice provided through the Mars Nutrition Research Council which operated from 1998-2007. Composed of highly recognized researchers from all over the world and operating as an independent, external source of expert advice to Mars, Incorporated, the MSAC provides objective, expert scientific advice to Mars, Incorporated on advances, opportunities, and barriers to progress in human and animal health and nutrition research, plant sciences and sustainability, and in other areas of research relevant to the Company’s current and potential future product lines. A global leader among snackfood and food brands, Mars, Incorporated has a long history of marketing its products responsibly. Over the years Mars has adopted guidelines and policies for their advertising and marketing activities, reviewing and updating them periodically to reflect consumer feedback, new technologies, and the latest thinking by advertising self-regulatory bodies. The hallmark of Mars’ marketing commitments is their industry-leading policy to not advertise their snack and other food products to children under the age of 12. Mars also aims to promote the consumption of their products in the context of a healthy, active lifestyle and a balanced diet. 2. 4 The Macro Environment 2. 4. 1 Demographic forces This is attempted in terms of the consumers. The advertisements are aimed exclusively at the young and vigorous and almost exclusively at males. High income customers – it is estimated the age group buying the chocolates will be 22 onwards.. The customers are mostly urban, and are mostly professionals (engineers, doctors and executives. The psychographic profile: They can either be individuals indulging themselves, or they could be indulging their children. They are inner directed people who form their own values and norms and believe in not adhering blindly to social norms. They are somewhat occasion driven in their buying behaviour. Middle income customers – it is estimated that the age group in this segment will be 15 plus. The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and is currently spreading to rural areas. The psychographic profile: they are likely to be variety seeking in their behaviour. They are self expressing by nature and inner directed to an extent. They like to indulge themselves. Children – the upper age limit is estimated to be 12 years. They mostly purchase their chocolates with their pocket money. The consumers can be urban, semi urban, and rural, though their is a somewhat greater emphasis on urban. The psychographic profile: they are novelty seeking in behaviour but they are also fun loving. 2. 4. 2 Economic forces In August last year the price of cocoa was threatening to sky rocket as large swathes of the cocoa plantations in Papua New Guinea were infested by the Asian Moth. The region produces some 17% of the world’s cocoa. An infestation of a similar nature in Indonesia in 1998 caused some ? 13 million of damage. Mars were affected to such an extent that they sent out their own team to help eradicate the infestation. Mars are continuing to test a number of anti moth measures. (www. metro. co. uk 2006). The recent business decision to begin producing and using animal based rennet in the Mars bar has been disastrous. The resulting back lash from consumers in the Islamic faith, vegetarians and those with a strong social view on the use of rennet extracted from the lining of a calf’s stomach, has led to Mars making a U-turn on a business decision, apologising for its decision and giving an undertaking that they will return to producing a vegetarian product. Although this issue could be regarded as a social factor, it is in fact an issue of economics as Mars have identified the effect this decision would have on its sales (www. bbc. co. uk 2007). There has been a growth in the chocolate market, the majority of which has been with the high quality, high value products associated to some extent with the growth in disposable income across the developed world. The growth in the market has not necessarily had a positive effect on the sales of Mars due to the inexpensive and generic nature of the product. However, this nexpensive nature of the Mars Bar makes purchasing it an uncomplicated decision for consumers with no financial consequences that could lead the purchaser to regret making the original decision to purchase a Mars bar or to restrict the quantity or frequency of purchases. The largest markets for Mars are generally the more affluent and developed markets with little room for growth such as UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealan d. The emerging and developing markets of India and China with a combined population of nearly 2 Billion individuals is a virtually untapped market of consumers. These markets would require a unique marketing strategy as although it has great potential, the regions are not known as great consumers of chocolate. Although a US product it is not known if the markets in India and China would take to it. For many geographic areas of both countries there would be concerns about refrigeration and chocolate melting, which would limit sales areas to main cities, and maybe bigger stores. nevertheless with the present level of mutual trade and the world’s general love of all things western it may not be a cause for concern. . 4. 3 Natural forces The  natural environment  involves natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. The green movement has encouraged and even demanded that firms produce strategies that are not only environmentally friendly but are also environmentally proactive. Firms are beginning to recognize the link between a healthy economy and a healthy environment. There are large quantities of waste associated with the production of chocolate which includes waste chocolate product. Over the last five years the Mars manufacturing plant in Australia has reduced the amount of waste it sends to landfill by 90%. For every 3000 tonnes of product produced every month, 220 tonnes of waste is produced. This is now fed to piglets. The animal waste is collected as fertilizer and the gases produced by the fermenting animal waste is burnt and used to generate electricity. These initiatives are reducing the costs to the business. However any positives are offset by the amount of waste that is being produced across the entire industry and at all the other Mars plants. Mars also worked to reduce the quantity of plastic in its packaging. The most recent issue that has affected the Mars bar has been the disastrous business decision to introduce the use of animal rennet as an ingredient in its chocolate the resulting backlash as discussed earlier not only from those with personal and lifestyle sensibilities but also from those with a social conscience with regard to the treatment of animals. This led to Master foods making a U turn on a business decision. The chocolate industry as a whole has been under a political and social spotlight as discussed earlier. Consumers are becoming more ethically aware and are questioning the practices of those associated with the production of cocoa. The industry was heavily criticised over the use of â€Å"child slave labour†. Master foods along with its two rivals Nestle and Cadbury do not perform well when examined for their ethical practices. Mars does not even feature on the league table of those products that are deemed ethical, although it’s fair to say that the ethical names on the list are not household names (www. ethiscore. org 2007). The Mars bar is not produced under a fair trade or ethical banner, thus depriving consumers of a choice. They have a choice – they can buy Green and Blacks, or do without! The market in ethical or fair-trade usually caters for the higher quality chocolates which are priced at a premium. With the continued affluent western lifestyle leading to chronic obesity and ill health there has been a drive to improve the nutritional value of food and to reduce the quantity of high fat and high sugar food groups such as chocolates in our diets. Some members of the health and nutrition lobby are looking for draconian steps to be taken against the chocolate manufacturers to reduce their influence upon diets in a similar way that steps were taken against the tobacco industry. The chocolate industry has received threats about the banning of advertisements aimed at children and at peak times and on children’s television channels. Pre-empting this, Mars has declared that they are moving away from targeting children with their product, a positive social action of their own (www. bbc. co. k 2007). Any reduction in the use of Cocoa will ultimately affect some 26 million people around the world who are reliant upon the chocolate industry, which includes some six million cocoa farmers (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 4 Technological forces To improve cocoa production yields and to guarantee production levels for the future, Mars is investing in research to produce disease resistant cocoa trees to prevent such catastrophes such as t he introduction of the disease â€Å"Witches Broom† which decimated the cocoa industry in Brazil in the 1990’s. Should cocoa supplies be affected, the manufacturer with a guaranteed supply of good quality cocoa should corner the market at the expense of its competitors (www. mars. com 2007). 2. 4. 5 Political forces Should the lobbyists become successful in their campaigns to restrict advertising of chocolates or force changes to reduce fat and sugar content of chocolate, or to have health warnings placed upon labels then this may not be through a voluntary code but through the introduction of legislation. This may denigrate chocolate and make it as socially unacceptable as cigarettes, which may have a profound effect on sales. The safe production of chocolate and how it is presented for sale is governed at present by food safety and trading standards legislation, which is enacted by both national and European legislatures. Nestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar received criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries such as Ivory Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund conflict to the tune of ? 0 million a year. The Ivory Coast provides some 40% of the world’s cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn apart by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been directly siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the industry trying to transport the cocoa through its region. Gentle pressure is being applied on Mars to identify how m uch of its product contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to become free from â€Å"Conflict Cocoa†. Independent News and Media Ltd 2007). Sustainability and fair trade with regard to cocoa has become a political â€Å"hot potato† with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticized for employing tactics that puts cocoa farmers into virtual slavery, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than traditional arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global corporation can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw ingredient. The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States may cause some with a dislike of all things American to boycott the product; however there does not seem to be any evidence that this has actually occurred. Due to the global use of the product and its association through manufacture and distribution with other countries like the UK, it does not lend itself to being an exclusive American product such as is for the Hershey Bar. In the UK as in other nations where the Mars Bar is manufactured, there is some influence on the processes involved in its production by the legislative requirements of the host nation or other bodies such as the European Union. These relate in the main to food safety and trading standards legislation relating to the safety and standards that the Mars bar must meet in order to be sold to the consumer. Lately this has being more influenced by legislation that relates to advertising, such as the advertising of the product to children. Due to the nature of free market economies, free markets and the established nature of the Mars Bar with its global distribution network it is not felt that the Mars bar is overly influenced by external political factors. 2. 4. 6 Cultural forces The  cultural environment  is made up of institutions and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Certain cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision-making. There was a real team spirit at Mars Chocolate, with a huge number of talented people all sharing the same goal of building on our longstanding reputation or world class products. Throughout, they made sure there’s a business strategy in place that inspires, motivates, develops and engages. Working in a sustainable, ethical and people-focused way generates outstanding results and also produces high quality talent. Mars Chocolate has been a training ground for some of British industry’s most successful l eaders, from Justin King (now the Chief Executive of Sainsbury’s) to Allan Leighton (former Chairman of Royal Mail). Mars has books and football clubs, and as an addition to this, they have their own on-site wellness coordinator who helps associates to enjoy chocolate as part of a healthy active lifestyle with pilates classes, circuit training and sports clubs. 2. 5 Organization within the industry 2. 5. 1 Market Position Although there are different definitions of brand positioning, probably the most common is: identifying a market niche for a brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies. Mars Inc. Market Positioning is similar products on the state of competition in the target market for the customer of the products of certain characteristics or attributes importance for the enterprise products shaping strong, unique and distinctive personality and vivid delivery to the customer, to obtain customer identification. The market positioning of the essence of the enterprise and other enterprises strictly separate, so that customers clearly feel and recognize this difference, and thus occupies a special place in the minds of customers From the slogan for Mars, we can see two points: 1, Mars simply locate a business of chocolate, candy and pet food manufacturing-oriented enterprises; 2, Mars also hoping to start a new business. In fact, market positioning and product differentiation is closely related, but are essentially different. Market positioning is the creation of a distinct personality, their products and thus creates a unique market image. A product is a comprehensive reflection of a number of factors, including the performance, structure, composition, packaging, shape, quality, market position is to strengthen or enlarge certain products of factors to form a different unique image. Product differentiation is the real market positioning means, but does not and the whole of market positioning. Market position is not only emphasis on product differentiation through product differentiation, but also to establish a unique market image, and win customer recognition. [pic] Dove, Mars classic chocolate brand, MADE WITH 100% PURE COCOA BUTTER, DOVE Chocolate has an intoxicating scent, a glossy hue and a rich taste unsurpassed by other bars. Always silky smooth on the tongue with a complex flavor, each DOVE Chocolate product starts with only the best cacao beans, tested twice by expert Mars technicians for quality and flavor. The perfect combination of chocolate liquor and cocoa butter, DOVE has a balanced taste that is never too sweet or too bitter. Because DOVE cares about every detail of the chocolate making process; you are always assured of delicious, lingering chocolate flavor. Mars takes great care and maintains the highest standard of quality in manufacturing DOVE Chocolate from the bean to bar, coupled with its special roasting and grinding – resulting in the signature silky smooth signature taste of DOVE Chocolate. ( Dove Chocolate, 2011) Chocolate consumers are more fashion crowd, is an important part of this population living. Chocolate as a special kind of nutritious food, in people's daily lives, occupy a very important position. Therefore, the quality and taste of chocolate has become the first choice when consumers buy. Dove† is the brand consumers are very familiar with their products in the production of a blend of the base material with puffed cereal products, the LHV sugar body or fruit and vegetable products not only taste good, and its unit calorific value is lower 30% ~ 60%, and quality assured, I believe this is also easier to meet our target customer choice. To meet consumer demand for chocolate while also addressing the cons umers worry about health issues, this is the world's chocolate companies cannot compete with the Dove brand and could win about it. . 5. 2 Target markets Target market analysis: Industry Supportive & Unshakable Facts. For example drinks. (All information below attained from Slideshare, 2012) 2006 Sports Drink Industry Break Down †¢ $300 billion sales worldwide in 2005 †¢ Market increased 10% to 9. 71 million liters in 2005 †¢ North American accounted for roughly 49% consumption in 2005 †¢ Asia Pacific region accounted for a 38% share in global consumption in 2005 †¢ Japan ranked second to the U. S. t terms for per capita consumption, but China is assumed to overtake Japan as Asia Pacific’s leading consumer by volume in year 2010 †¢ 2003, Germany was the leading market for sports drinks in Western Europe follow by Italy then the U. K. This is only the Drink example and except other products to analyze the Mars share in the global world. Market Met rics Global functional drink volume (millions of liters) CATEGORY 2006 FORECAST 2011 SPORTS DRINKS 9,870. 6 13,301. 70 ENERGY DRINKS 2,429. 4 3,534. 10 ELIXRS 320. 7 366. 10 TOTAL 12,620. 7 17,201. 9 (Source: Eouromonitor International. 2007) Demographics The characteristics of this section are very crucial to properly segment the market and determine where these traits fall in a SWOT analysis. Furthermore, the following information breaks down the market. Psychographics †¢ Physical Activity †¢ Healthy Products †¢ Modern Supplement †¢ Relevant Merchandise †¢ Athletes: Age from 5 to 50 Jr. High High School Collegiate Minor League Professional Hobby So from the target market there are two factors: 1) the company’s goal and resources; 2) the marketing strategies power and segment. The Mars has the resources more another competitors and each of every product have complete Marketing strategies and plan. That is why Mars Company can be the top5 in the Food’s Market in the worldwide. 2. 5. 3 The Marketing Mix (4P’s) 4P’s: The marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a four Ps classification in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world. †¢ Product – A product is seen as an item that satisfies what a consumer needs or wants. It is a tangible good or an intangible service. Intangible products are service based like the tourism industry, the hotel industry and the financial industry. Tangible products are those that have an independent physical existence. Typical examples of mass-produced, tangible objects are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system †¢ Price – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. The price is very important as it determines the company's profit and hence, survival. Adjusting the price has a profound impact on the marketing strategy, and depending on the price elasticity of the product, often it will affect the demand and sales as well. The marketer should set a price that complements the other elements of the marketing mix. †¢ Promotion – represents all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. Promotion comprises elements such as: advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. †¢ Place – refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. Place is synonymous with distribution. Various strategies such as intensive distribution, selective distribution, exclusive distribution and franchising can be used by the marketer to complement the other aspects of the marketing mix. 2. 5. 3. 1 Product Most of the products are popular and famous, Dove and M&M’s has big market share in the global and impact of in the world. 2. 5. 3. 2 Price Mars price: the terminal operator to brand building as the ultimate goal. In the context of today's terminal winning times, product positioning is based on market demand, the Chinese market, for example, the MARS's major brands are both market and customer needs the road. For example: in the Dooyoo website we can easy find the price about the MARS products, all the price are at 5$~10$, the pricing strategies help Mars to be more positive in the competitions. [pic] Compare the different marketing, the price are follow the customers and the market, to position the price there are two big part to consider, the internal and external environmental, to think the outside factors the cultural, income, political, education ect. And the inside factors is the product’s self, the quality and packaging. That is all about the Mars Inc. . 5. 3. 3 Promotion Mars Chocolate North America launched several retailer promotions, Promotions and sponsorships include: 1. Consumers and retailers will score big this season when Mars Brands and the NFL team up for the 2012 Super Bowl sweepstakes and instant-win game â€Å"Celebrate on the Field. † Consumers will have the chance to win one of 5,000 instant-win prizes a day from December 19, 2011, to February 5, 2012 . 2. In January, Mars will showcase a â€Å"Take Your Peanut Butter Pick† cross-brand event featuring flavours from M&M's, Snickers and Twix Brands. The Mixed Singles Shipper and Mixed Singles Counter Unit will encourage consumers to taste a variety of Mars brands. 3. Mars Chocolate North America is shifting its NASCAR sponsorship into high gear with a full year of M's Makes Race Day More Fun, giving M&M's brand fans numerous opportunities to connect with the brand from January to November. 4. The sweepstakes promotion â€Å"When We Win, You Win! † engages NASCAR fans by linking the victorious performance of the M's Racing Team with chances to win great prizes, including new cars and instant-win prizes, from January to November. . Marathon brand will be the Official Energy Bar for the 2012 Rock ‘n' Roll Marathon Race Series, gaining brand exposure at 25 race events, reaching more than two million consumers. 6. Mras created a website as http://www. realchocolate. com in this website Mars claim that it’s the only company that use real cocoa butter not vegetable oil. In this website consumers can read about the h istory and processing of chocolate and if they register in website they can receive a free chocolate. It’s a great point that Mars said in this website that: For nearly 100 years, Mars Chocolate North America has been committed to producing  real chocolate. Mars Chocolate North America defines real chocolate as chocolate produced with cocoa butter per the U. S. Standards. The illustrated processing showed as below: [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1. Cacao Tree 2. Cacao Pod 3. Raw Cacao Beans 4. Cacao Beans Drying 5. Cacao Beans 6. Fermentation 7. Cacao Powder 8. Chocolate Liquor 7. US confectionery giant  Mars  has launched a ‘Chocolate Relief' campaign in a bid to bring â€Å"sweet smiles† to millions of Americans. The Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act will offer consumers full-sized samples of Mars chocolate, product discounts and coupons along with ‘Free Chocolate Fridays'. Throughout September 2011, Mars gave away around seven million full-size packages of its M&M's, Snickers, Milky Way, Twix, Dove, and 3 Musketeers chocolates in the US. Mars gave away a quarter-of-a- million full-size packages of ‘real' chocolate on Free Chocolate Fridays. US consumers can claim one of 250,000 full-value coupons each Friday from 8 May by visiting realchocolate. com. â€Å"Brands like M&M's, Snickers, Dove Chocolate, Twix, Milky Way and 3 Musketeers are loved by Americans,† said Michele Kessler, vice president, Mars Snackfood US. â€Å"That's why we've created the Mars Real Chocolate Relief Act. It's our way of giving Americans a small treat during challenging times. † (Aroq, 2012). 2. 5. 3. 4 Place As an example the distribution channels of china was discovered to have a big picture from the whole place policy in Mars Corporation. Mars has a unique approach to China it sells directly to the retailers without benefit of a joint venture or any other type of on-site business. M are sold directly to consumers in China through two different distribution channels: the China National Duty Free Import Corporation for its airport duty-free shops and, more significantly, key local wholesalers for distribution to neighborhood stores in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. East Asiatic Company (of Hong Kong) has successfully developed a way to distribute the well-known U. S. chocolate product in the city. In the normal distribution system, retailers are used to having to go calling on the wholesaler to try and obtain the product and then figure out a way to transport it to the store. East Asiatic has turned this old practice on its head: M wholesalers sell and transport their goods directly to the retailers. East Asiatic, a Hong Kong-based company has a distribution agreement with Mars for M candies in China. The candies are brought into Shanghai by the container-load from the U. S. or Australia or in smaller shipments via Hong Kong. East Asiatic then sells the chocolates to wholesalers/distributors in Shanghai. The wholesaler has five vans that deliver M throughout Shanghai, either to sub-wholesalers or retail outlets. The Hong Kong agent also has a van in the city. Painted with M advertisements, the vehicle serves as both an advertising and distribution medium. Choosing the right wholesalers and monitoring them closely are very important to the distribution effort's success. Besides having a warehouse for storing M&Ms properly, wholesalers must be committed to making frequent deliveries so that retail outlets receive fresh stock regularly. If a store has a quick turnover, a wholesaler should visit it once or twice a week; if turnover is slower, visits may occur every 1 0 to 14 days. The company works with wholesalers to select sub-wholesalers and hires salespeople directly by running advertisements in Shanghai newspapers. The sales team visits retail outlets regularly to check displays, advertising, and inventory needs. It encourages store managers to put up M&M fliers and sometimes conducts taste tests or other promotions, like giving away trial packages of Skittles (another Mars candy) or balloons decorated with the M&M logo. Salespeople benefit from successful promotion work by earning performance bonuses in addition to their straight salary. The Hong Kong Company informally oversees and coordinates the entire distribution process-from wholesalers to sub-wholesalers to sales staff to retail outlets. It teaches all levels to sell M&Ms into the market, instead of waiting for the market to come to them, as is the traditional practice in China. Coordination is handled by the company's representative office in Shanghai, with personnel in Hong Kong visiting from time to time in order to deal with specific issues. To select the proper retail outlets, East Asiatic set out a list of criteria and commissioned a Hong Kong market research firm that had connections with a Shanghai research firm to help identify stores in selected sales districts. At present, the distribution effort primarily targets state-run stores. Payment terms normally require settlement within one to two weeks after delivery. The Hong Kong agent sells through some private entrepreneurs in Shanghai even though they are somewhat less credit-worthy than state stores, and hopes to expand this network gradually. The company's Shanghai distribution system went into effect in late 1989 and M&Ms are now widely available-both in large outlets and in roadside shops decorated with M&M fliers. A similar system went into effect in Beijing in 1991, boosted by a major advertising campaign in connection with the 1990 Asian Games. The firm also distributes M&Ms in Guangzhou, although the network there is not as developed. Other points in China are covered via these three cities. A major issue for the company has been a fight to protect its trademark rights. Other than that, customers seem to like the chocolate (Shanghainese in particular have a taste for Western sweets), even though domestically-produced chocolate is one-fifth the price of the import (Ernst R. 2008). In Malaysia Mars focused on chain supermarkets and malls and mega malls, they use these channels as high potential channels and send the products to the end user and although its risky that consumer has a lot of other choice from mars competitors, but because high brand awareness and cheaper marketing strategy they use this strategy for Malaysia. 2. 6 The strength and weaknesses of the Brand SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis (wiliams, 2008). The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm's resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The below diagram shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan: Framework Environmental Scanning | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |Internal Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  External Analysis | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |Strengths  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats | | | | | | | | | | | SWOT asks qu estions in these four areas and try to answer them to have a big picture of company. 2. 6. 1Strengths: 1. Strong demand for confectionery: the market has grown consistently at around 5% every year for the last four years. So it will bring bloom to the confectionery market. People tend to use computers and video games or all in all they use their brain more. Glucose is like the fuel for brain and chocolate is a relevant solution. People use chocolate more recently and it’s a power point for chocolate industries like mars. In Malaysia people like to eat sweat foods and snacks and even in some of their food they use sugar, Malaysia is a potential market for chocolate. Mars chocolates nearly can be seen in all malls and supermarkets in Malaysia. (Edward, 2012). 2. Good brand position and quality which is consumer favourites and High brand awareness. Mars is well-known among sportspeople that they use it as energetic meal and is well-known among children and families. The quality of products is elevated and its brand position is high. People know it as a famous and high standard brand. 3. Strong partnerships with retailers. That’s why we can see mars products in the majority of supermarkets and malls in Malaysia and all over the world. [pic] 4. Price kept that it should be in the range of every one purchase. It’s a qualified brand with huge name but the price policy was designed in a way that different layers of society can buy and use it (Gudehus, 2009). 5. Stores are available in almost every market. Mars offers chocolate stores that are kind of brand shops in different countries that are powerful ways for connecting with concentration with customers. In Malaysia it’s not very common that is not under mars marketing strategies, but mars focus on huge malls, supermarkets and chain supermarkets like 101 and seven eleven. 6. More emphasis on sales promotion like surprise gifts and scheme cards. 7. Memorable Slogans. Like on to Unimaginable Heights, Go for the Max! , Mars is Waiting†¦ (mars society, 2009). 8. Creative and simple advertising. That some of them are designed deeply for motivating people psychologically. 9. High Consumer Loyalty. Because nearly all children like chocolates and human pleasurable memories can be hardly forgotten. The image of brand, its taste and good memory of it is recorded in human’s deep conscious mind and people are loyal to what they like and admire. [pic] 10. Leader in UK, Japan and South Africa. Being leader in Asian, European and African context show the multicultural and international face of brand that different races and culture like the taste of products. 11. Innovative chocolate producers. 12. High advertising budget. Because the company is really marketing oriented and work with modern strategies. 13. Great packaging. Designs of packaging have influential effects on consumers and motivate them to buy the products. 14. Sponsors global football teams like England football team that is a great sign for remembering and memorizing Mars brand. 15. Mars Chocolate North America is the North American chocolate operations of Mars Inc. Based in McLean, Va. Mars has net sales of more than $30 billion and six business segments including Petcare, Chocolate, Wrigley, Food, Drinks and Symbioscience. 2. Weaknesses: 1. Mars products causes health problems for consumers. Cocoa contains fairly high levels of the mineral copper, and too much copper can inhibit certain chemical processes in the body and lead to several kinds of health problems (burger, 2008). Dark chocolate contains the three elements of cocoa liquor or cocoa mass (cocoa cake), cocoa butter, and sugar. Cocoa butter is a fat that is found naturally in cocoa beans (burger, 2008). These elements according to medical research produce different kind of health problems if use to extreme. It’s a weakness for Mars that chocolate products are not really under healthy products. 2. Dental problems by consuming Mars products. Dental problems are very expensive to cure. People have some phobias to eat chocolate like obesity, teeth problems and other health problems; it can be a weakness point for mars that their products produce certain problems in future for consumers and specially children. Causing pain and expense for consumers is not a good point for mars. 3. Mars has many different products in which it has to promote. Having different products show the product orientation in the company, but the problem is the variety of products that need to promote and develop and it cause too much expenditure for the company and can reduce the benefits. Mars brands include Chocolate: M's, Snickers, Dove, Galaxy, Mars, Milky Way and Twix; Petcare: Pedigree, Whiskas, Sheba, Cesar and Royal Canin; Wrigley – Orbit, Extra, Starburst, Doublemint and Skittles; Food: Uncle Ben's, Dolmio, Ebly, Masterfoods and Seeds of Change; Drinks: Alterra Coffee Roasters, The Bright Tea Co. , Klix and Flavia; and Symbioscience: Seramis, Cirku and Cocoavia. 4. M is the number one selling candy in the chocolate market; however this product steals most of the promotion and advertising money and it’s not really a balanced strategy. 5. Milky Way has a low sales percentage of Mars domestic market share Because of constantly changing campaigns, people are not aware of Milky Way’s positioning in the market. 6. Mars incorporated are not present online. According to the electronic era and the tendency of market to choose new technology for business exchange among nearly the majority of society, its weakness for Mars incorporated that they are not present online. Finding information about this company and its product on the net is not very convenient. 7. Bad communication, Low market share, Weak management team are other weaknesses of Mars in the world market. 2. 6. 3 Opportunities: 1. Universal demographic development and change is a continuous growth of the world population is an advantage for Mars because more products would be eaten by consumers. People have more tendency to eat candy, chocolate and fast foods in this era. 2. Having more focus on small countries, increasing personal relation even to villages. Heading to huge market share that is waiting for this brand, because in the entire world we can find children and families who are interested in the taste of chocolate and candy. 3. Increase the product range as Jellies, Toffees, Bars, Lollipops, Gums, Unsweetened baked chocolates for garnishing. Same content and in different forms can increase the market share. 4. 1% of households consume chocolate candy. Just mars need to remind them using chocolate regularly. Mars products are so familiar in the mind of people and if you offer people Mars products they won’t reject it. They only need