The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Free Essays

string(164) on zones, for example, scholastic execution * Increased likelihood of certain maladies and scatters, for example, stoutness * Social division of solitary human interaction. Gathering research paper: The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society Technology and society or innovation and culture allude to the common codependence, co-impact, co-creation of innovation and society upon the other (innovation upon culture, and the other way around) (Webster’s Dictionary 5060). There are an unprecedented number of models how science and innovation has helped us that can be found in the public arena today. One extraordinary model is the cell phone. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Since the time the innovation of the phone society needed a progressively convenient gadget that they could use to converse with individuals. This appeal for another item prompted the innovation of the cell phone, which did, and still do, enormously impact society and the manner in which individuals live their lives. Presently numerous individuals are open to converse with whomever they need regardless of where any of the two individuals are. All these little changes in cell phones, similar to Internet get to, are further instances of the pattern of co-creation. Society’s requirement for having the option to approach individuals and be accessible wherever brought about the innovative work of cell phones. They thus affected the manner in which we live our lives. As the people depends increasingly more on cell phones, extra highlights were mentioned. This is additionally evident with today’s present day media player. Society likewise decided the progressions that were made to the past age media player that the fabricates created. Take for instance, today’s media players. Toward the start, tapes were being utilized to store information. In any case, that strategy was enormous and unwieldy so the makes created minimized circles, which were littler and could hold more information. Afterward, minimized circles were again excessively enormous and didn't hold enough information that constrained today’s produces to make MP3 players, which are little and holds huge measure of information. Today’s society decided the course of occasions that numerous fabricates took to improving their items so today’s shoppers will buy their items. Thinking over into old history, financial aspects can be said to have shown up on the scene when the intermittent, unconstrained trade of products and enterprises started to happen on a less incidental, less unconstrained premise. It presumably didn't take long for the producer of sharpened stones to understand that he could likely improve by focusing on the creation of pointed stones and bargain for his different needs. Unmistakably, paying little mind to the products and ventures bargained, some measure of innovation was involvedâ€if close to really taking shape of shell and globule adornments. Indeed, even the shaman’s elixirs and sacrosanct articles can be said to have included some innovation. Thus, from the very beginnings, innovation can be said to have prodded the advancement of progressively expound economies. In the cutting edge world, prevalent advances, assets, geology, and history offer ascent to vigorous economies; and in a well-working, strong economy, monetary overabundance normally streams into more prominent utilization of innovation. In addition, since innovation is such an indistinguishable piece of human culture, particularly in its financial angles, subsidizing hotspots for (new) mechanical undertakings are for all intents and purposes illimitable. In any case, while to start with, mechanical venture included minimal more than the time, endeavors, and aptitudes of one or a couple of men, today, such speculation may include the aggregate work and abilities of a large number. Innovation has much of the time been driven by the military, with numerous advanced applications being produced for the military before being adjusted for non military personnel use. In any case, this has consistently been a two-path stream, with industry frequently starting to lead the pack in creating and receiving an innovation that is just later embraced by the military. Winston (2003) gives a phenomenal outline of the moral ramifications of mechanical turn of events and sending. He states there are four significant moral ramifications: †Challenges conventional moral standards. Since innovation impacts connections among people, it challenges how people manage one another, even in moral ways. One case of this is testing the meaning of â€Å"human life† as epitomized by banters in the regions of fetus removal, killing, the death penalty, and so on , which all include present day mechanical turns of events. †Creates an accumulation of impacts. Perhaps the best issue with innovation is that its unfavorable impacts are frequently little, however combined. Such is the situation with the contamination from the consuming of petroleum derivatives in cars. Every individual car makes an exceptionally little, practically irrelevant, measure of contamination, anyway the aggregate impact might add to the a dangerous atmospheric devation impact. Different models remember gatherings of synthetic contaminations for the human body, urbanization consequences for nature, and so forth. A Lancaster dropping packs of 4lb stick ignitables (left), 30lb flammables and a â€Å"cookie† (right) †Changes the appropriation of equity. Basically, those with innovation will in general have higher access to equity frameworks. Or then again, equity isn't dispersed similarly to those with innovation versus those without. †Provides incredible force. In addition to the fact that technology amplifies the capacity, and thus the quality, of people, it likewise gives an incredible key bit of leeway to the human(s) who hold the best measure of innovation. Consider the vital preferred position picked up by having more noteworthy mechanical developments in the military, pharmaceuticals, PCs, and so forth. For instance, Bill Gates has impressive impact (even outside of the PC business) over the span of human undertakings because of his fruitful usage of PC innovation. Way of life In numerous manners, innovation streamlines life. * The ascent of a recreation class * An increasingly educated society,which can make speedier reactions to occasions and patterns * Sets the phase for progressively complex learning assignments * Increases performing multiple tasks (in spite of the fact that this may not be improving) * Global systems administration * Creates denser groups of friends * Cheaper costs * Greater specialization in employments In different ways, innovation confuses life. Contamination is a difficult issue in an innovatively propelled society (from corrosive downpour to Chernobyl and Bhopal) * The expansion in transportation innovation has gotten blockage a few territories * New types of threat existing as a result of new types of innovation, for example, the original of atomic react ors * New types of diversion, for example, computer games and web access could have conceivable social impacts on zones, for example, scholarly execution * Increased likelihood of certain ailments and disarranges, for example, heftiness * Social division of solitary human collaboration. You read The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society in classification Papers Innovation has expanded the need to converse with more individuals quicker. * Structural joblessness * Anthropocentric environmental change Institutions and gatherings Technology regularly empowers authoritative and bureaucratic gathering structures that in any case and until now were basically impractical. Instances of this may include: * The ascent of huge associations: e. g. , governments, the military, wellbeing and social government assistance organizations, supranational partnerships. * The commercialization of relaxation: games, items, and so on. McGinn) * The practically immediate dispersal of data (particularly news) and amusement around the globe. Worldwide Technology empowers more prominent information on universal issues, qualities, and societies. Due for the most part to mass transportation and broad communications, the world is by all accounts an a lot littler spot, because of the accompanying, among others: * Globalization of thoughts * Embeddings of qualities * Popula tion development and control Environment Technology gives a comprehension, and a gratefulness for our general surroundings. The impacts of innovation on the earth are both clear and unobtrusive. The more evident impacts incorporate the consumption of nonrenewable common assets, (for example, oil, coal, metals), and the additional contamination of air, water, and land. The more inconspicuous impacts incorporate discussions over long haul impacts (e. g. , an unnatural weather change, deforestation, regular natural surroundings annihilation, beach front wetland misfortune. ) One of the principle issues is the absence of a successful method to expel these contaminations for a huge scope practically. In nature, living beings â€Å"recycle† the losses of different living beings, for instance, plants produce oxygen as a side-effect of photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing life forms use oxygen to use food, creating carbon dioxide as a result, which plants use in a procedure to make sugar, with oxygen as a loss in any case. No such instrument exists for the evacuation of mechanical squanders. Humankind right now might be contrasted with a state of microbes in a Petri dish with a steady food gracefully: with no real way to expel the losses of their digestion, the microorganisms in the long run harm themselves. Frighten Country† acquaints us with the fascinating universe of data inundation through the eyes of Hollis Henry, a previous musical crew Curfew’s artist and the lead character in the novel. She is sure and eager. She quit her band since she was not bringing in enough cash for living, so she chose to begin her vocation as a columnist. She really began composi ng when she was close to nothing, even before she turned into a musical gang part. Clearly she had an enthusiasm for composing. Hollis’s work is muddled, she needs to unwind all the puzzling things and discover data for the Node magazine which doesn't generally exist yet. Hollis looks for a s

Evaluate three of the four books we've read this term, discussing Essay

Assess three of the four books we've perused this term, talking about whether you think they were terrible or not - Essay Example Clearly, awful books are those that distance the peruser from the story. An awful book doesn't have the components - like practical or reasonable characters or solid plots- - that cause the peruser to desire for additional. Second, a great book is engaging, instructive, and intriguing all simultaneously. Despite the fact that it is fiction or an inventive bit of composing it ought to be relevant to certifiable conditions. A terrible book, then again, just attempts to satisfy one sole reason, either to engage, illuminate, or interest. This kind of one-dimensional book in the long run becomes dull and unexciting as a result of the repetitiveness of its motivation. Third, a great book upgrades the readers’ information or valuation for the real world. It successfully challenges negative convictions, similar to generalizations, and makes new acknowledge for the peruser. At the end of the day, a great book is a compelling eye-opener. Fourth, a great book doesn't utilize such a large number of languages. It is straightforward. An awful book, then again, is excessively confounded. The composing style is antagonistic. What's more, in conclusion, a great book is progressive. It presents better approaches for recounting to a story, making characters, building up a plot, and closure a story. One book that is really progressive, that is, it doesn't attempt to carefully observe the conventional guidelines of composing is Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote. ... It needn't bother with extraordinary acumen to comprehend the story. The focal story is clear. Be that as it may, what is captivating about this book is that it isn't generally a straightforward story, it is in certainty entangled on the off chance that one will attempt to examine it eagerly. The story has just about a perfect mixing of impact. The plot, the images, and the characters all assume a job in the general topic. By all accounts, the plot is simple and maintains what has been expressed about the story’s topic in a smooth, emotional way. As such, the novel doesn't neglect to include its perusers inwardly. One impeccable model is the genuine feelings that the relationship among Gatsby and a rich young lady makes. A person beginning to look all starry eyed at a rich young lady sounds fairly conventional. Yet, as the story advances, the occasions become very confounded, with selling out and trickiness coming into the image. The epic is engaging and useful simultaneously. The account structure of the novel is engaging in light of the fact that Nick Carraway, the storyteller, relates the episodes not in the arrangement they happen, however in the succession Fitzgerald wants. It is educational on the grounds that it brings issues to light about the state of the United States during the 1920s, all the more especially, the impacts of World War I on the country (Fitzgerald 72). Ultimately, the novel urges the peruser to consider the American Dream. Did life in contemporary Western human progress become without any basic significance? The Great Gatsby shows that the American Dream has gotten trivial. As portrayed in the novel, there is nothing left except for an unpleasant mission for wealth and the shallow esteem that wealth bless. Some rich individuals, similar to the Buchanan family, are unhappy, exhausted, little disapproved, and hopeless. The

Describe Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create - 55000 Words

Describe Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create (Dissertation Sample) Content: Climate Change and Bio-fuel Production Create Agricultural Commodity Price Variability: Impact on Agriculture and Rural Development of Africa and Possible Alternative StrategiesJuly 2011AbstractThe concept of climate change has been on overwhelming challenge on the global platform in the 21st century. This phenomenon leads to change in average weather conditions as well as the distribution of events in the environment. One of the key elements of climate change to the environment is the epidemic of global warming. The main causes of global warming have been associated with destruction of ozone layer through the increased use of fossil fuel. In the 21st century, the effects of climate change and more specifically the menace of global warming are highly felt. These have triggered nearly all human activities and more importantly agriculture. The concern on global warming and issue of ozone layer destruction has also triggered the adoption of renewable energy. The main alt ernative renewable energy in reference to fossil fuel is the use of bio-fuels. These include bio-diesel, ethanol, methanol, and biogas. Nevertheless, the production of these bio-fuels has not come singly, whereby they have had immense impacts on agriculture, food production and sustainable rural development. Many research studies in this topic have been aimed at stabling the main causes of climate change as well as its impacts on different sector. The research studies have also been expanded to the significance of adopting bio-fuels in reference to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, specific concerns regarding the impacts of climate change and the adoption of bio-fuels on agriculture, rural development, and food production have not been undertaken.This dissertation has adequately explored the implications of climate change and the production of bio-fuels on food production as well as on rural development in third world countries. The attention of the study has been on Africa due to the hig h serious crisis facing the agricultural sector in the continent. The crisis in agriculture in Africa has been demonstrated by the high levels of price variability of food commodities, food insecurity, and scarcity of food commodities. The continent has been identified as the most insecure in terms of food sufficiency. This has been demonstrated by FAO, where out of 34 countries with food insecurity, 33 come from Africa. Haiti is the only country with food insecurity alongside the 33 African nations. The food situation in the country has for the last 3 decades been unacceptable thus the need for urgent concern.The main objective of the dissertation is to answer the central question concerning the impacts of bio-fuel production and climate change on agriculture, sustainable rural development and food production in Africa. Africa has been the worse hit by this phenomenon, thus the need for greater attention. In order to answer the research questions, both secondary and primary data ha ve been adopted, whereby a mixed methodology has been applied. This included both qualitative and quantitative research approach. In order to ensure efficiency, the focus was directed on Nigeria and Niger as the major areas of concern. Questionnaires were the main source of primary data, whereby 100 Agribusiness Companies, 100 farmers associations, 200 agricultural commodity traders, and 600 Individual farmers were involved in the study. These participants were drawn on half from Niger and half from Nigeria. Secondary data included a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature on climate change and bio-fuel production on Africas agriculture and rural development.The dissertation hereby explains that, climate change and production of bio-fuel are the main challenges of agriculture and food production in African nations. With increased production of bio-diesel and ethanol, the process of food production has been jeopardized. The production of bio-diesel has been noted to have immens e effects on food production. It has been noted that many farmers have abandoned food crop farming to the production of feedstock. The total land under the production of food crops has been identified to face drastic decline. Labor, resources and technical know how which was previously used in the production of food crops has been diverted the production of bio-fuels. The calamity of climate change has been identified to threaten agriculture and food production in Africa. In reference to literature, climate change has been noted to create unfavorable conditions and environment for undertaking agriculture. This is attributed to global warming which is enhancing dissertation as well as the prolonging of drought. Based on these phenomenons, the amount of land under agriculture is diminishing day by day. With reference to these challenges, the dissertation has also established sustainable solutions t the crisis. Key words: Agriculture, Agricultural systems, Agricultural trade, Food prod uction, Food security, Rural development, Sustainable rural development ,Price variability, Commodity crisis, Climate change, Bio-fuel production Thesis Contribution to KnowledgeThe dissertation is aimed at evaluating the impacts of climate change on food production, agriculture and rural development in Africa. The impacts of bio-fuel production on agriculture and rural development in Africa have also been given substantial attention. The relationship between climate change and bio-fuel production on food price variability has also been adequately addressed. These phenomenons have been very profound in Africa, whereby solutions to the problem are not only important but inevitable for the continent and the globe as a whole. The research study has put much emphasis on the problem of food insecurity in Africa. In this case, the relationship between climate change and bio-fuel production in relation to food insecurity has also been addressed. A point worth of consideration is that Afric a has been the main area of concern. In this case, the attention on Niger and Nigeria has been undertaken in making the study more efficient. The relationship between systems of agriculture in Africa and those adopted in developed nations has been established. In addition, the nature of agricultural commodity markets and trade has been evaluated in the research study. This has helped in analyzing the phenomenon of price variability and the driving forces in agricultural production. A mixed methodology was adopted, whereby participants from Nigeria and Niger were incorporated in the study. A total of 1000 participants were involved in the study, which included agribusiness companies, agricultural associations, individual farmers and agricultural commodity traders. The major contributions of the thesis to knowledge are as follows.The data analysis established that climate change has immense impacts on agriculture as a result of development of unfavorable conditions. This is attributed by global warming which leads to overwhelmingly high temperatures. Based on the study, climate change has been revealed to adversely affect agriculture in Africa, through reduction of arable land and crop failure. The arable land has been decreased by over 30%, thus leading to decline in food production. Crop failure has also been rampant as a result of global warming, thus contributing to food insecurity. Study has also demonstrated that climate change has led to an increase in pests and diseases affecting crops and animals. A point worth of consideration is that there was little contradiction between primary data and secondary analysis. This added to the credibility of these findings.The research established that production of bio-fuel in Africa led to significant decline in agriculturally potential land. Based on the study, production of bio-fuel production is conducted without proper planning thus leading to unnecessary competition for the arable land. This decline in cultivabl e land leads to substantial reduction in food production hence inducing food insecurity. Massive diversion of human and financial resources from food production to bio-fuel production has been witnessed in Africa. This has been identified as a vital element leading to food shortage in the continent for the last two decades. The study, depicted that the level of government intervention in bio-fuel production was not appealing thus worsening the situation.The study has also provided credible information concerning agricultural systems in Africa. This has been done in reference to global agricultural systems. The results of the research study have demonstrated that the poor farming systems are adopted in Africa. The research has established a strong relationship between the farming systems adopted in Africa and the low levels of agricultural output. In response to this situation, the need for improving the agricultural systems has been identified.The results of the research study have showed that farmers in Africa need to focus on improved seeds and better farming systems. This is in relation to the high levels of harsh conditions, thus deserving higher crops and animal species with higher adaptability to the harsh conditions.The study has also indicated that there exists a strong interdependence between crude oil markets and food commodity markets. Volatility of crude oil markets has been identified to have strong effect on food price variability. This has been very evident in the survey and interviews on the focus groups. Increase in crude oil prices has been identified to have strong influence on food prices as a result of high production costs as well as increased costs of farm inputs. The research has also indicated that volatility in crude oil has influenced the production of bio-fuels thus enhancing food shortage.The results have depicted that government support is of great importance in agricultural efficiency and rura...

Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3204 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Performance is a key aspect behind the success or a failure of a firm or organization. The success or failure of an organization depends upon the performance of the employee. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities (Flapper, 1995). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Is Key Aspect Behind The Success Or Failure Of A Firm" essay for you Create order However, there are a lot of factors that affect the performance among the employee in a firm or organization. The hierarchical system inside the company has always been a source of parent-child dynamism. Employees have developed a considerable amount of dissatisfaction due to this parent-child dynamism. Since, people may not function properly and learn well under the atmosphere permeated with judgment; it has been a painstaking job these days for managers to find ways for better performance in a firm or organization. A newer and better managerial tool should be developed and implemented because under a hierarchal system, someone may feel dominated. Hence to motivate the employee is very crucial to get the job done inside an organization. Hence a deep understanding of performance management process inside a company or organization is one of the utmost concerns of this research. Since TESCO is Britains leading retailer, is one of the top three retailers in the world, and is very conven ient to the researcher in terms of feasibility, availability, practicality and locality; the researcher has chosen TESCO as a target research area. Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions My objectives are twofold. First I shall investigate the factors that are responsible for performance of employee in TESCO. In doing so, it is assumed that the most important factor that effects the performance is TESCO shall also be investigated. Secondly, I shall investigate how performance is controlled and monitored in TESCO. Although there are a lot of theoretical basis for performance management, where different kinds of researches have done in different organizations, there are very few researches done in TESCO. Since, TESCO is a well established retailer that provided thousands of jobs every year, research of TESCO could play a vital role to uncover important insights about performance management. Research questions What are the factors that affect the performance of employee in TESCO? What is the most influential factor that affects the performance of employee in TESCO? How is the performance of employee controlled and monitored in TESCO? Hypotheses H0 : Motivation effects the performance. H1: H0 is not true. H0: Effective Communication has a positive relationship with performance H1: H0 is not true. Review of Literature Performance depends on education, training and experience as it could be slow and a lengthy process. However, motivation can be improved quickly. Below listed are some steps for motivation. Positive reinforcement/ high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance The success and continuity of an organization depend on its performance, which may be defined as the way the organization carries its objectives into effect. This requires that all noses are pointing in the same direction, as every person in the organization contributes to the company objectives via his or her activities. A good manager keeps track of the performance of the system he or she is responsible for by means of performance measurement (PM). His/her staff carrying responsibility for certain activities within the system, need PM to see how well they are performin g their tasks. This also holds for the employees actually executing the various process steps. So performance indicators (PIs) are important for everyone inside an organization, as they tell what has to be measured and what are the control limits the actual performance should be within (Flapper et al, 1995) What you measure is what you get. Senior executives understand that their organizations measurement system strongly affects the behaviour of managers and employees. Executives also understand that traditional financial accounting measures like return-on-investment and earnings-per-share can give misleading signals for continuous improvement and innovation-activities todays competitive environment (Norton Kaplan, 1992). 3.1 Theories of Motivation There is an old saying that you can take a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink, it will drink only if it is thirsty. It will only drink water if it is thirst or in other words if it is motivated to drink. Whether working in a simple restaurant or in a extremely competitive business market, they must be motivated or driven to it. Performance is understood as a function of ability and motivation. Job performance= ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ability) (motivation) 3.1.1 Definition of Motivation A motive is a reason for doing something. Motivation is concerned with the factors that motivate people to behave in certain ways (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). Motivation is incidental to or defined by goal directed behavior (Locke Et al, 1995). It means that motivation is concerned with strength and direction of that behavior. In other words it means that motivation takes place when people expect that an action is probable to lead to an achievement of a goal and a valued reward and will satisfy their needs and desires. Well-motivated people are therefore those with clearly defined goals who take action which they expect will achieve those goals (Armstrong, 1999: pp-22). It is undoubtedly clear that motivation affects the performance. Hence, motivation among the employee is a very crucial driving factor in a firm or an organization. The process of motivation The process of motivation can be modelled as shown in the figure below. This model is grounded on the needs of a particular person where it shows that motivation is a result of conscious of unconscious recognition of unsatisfied needs. Needs create wants, which means desire(s) to get goods or obtain something. 2. Establish Goal 1. Need 3. Take action Attain Goal (Fig 1.1 Source: Armstrong, 1993) Goals are then established which will satisfy these needs and then a action is taken in the expectation that the action will facilitation the achievement of the particular goal imagined/setup by him/her. If the goal is achieved, then the need shall be satisfied and the behavior will repeat next time when same kind of need emerges and if the goal is not achieved then the behavior or action is less likely to be repeated. This model illustrates the motivation process from a individualistic perspective. It is based on the motivational theories related to needs (achievements), goals, equity, behaviour modelling (reactance) and expectancy. It is also influenced by three concepts relating to motivation and behaviour: reinforcement (Hull, 1951), homeostasis, intrinsic and extrinsic theories. This model can be used to illustrate a process of motivation which involves setting of corporate goals that will likely be able to meet the individual and ultimately organizational needs and wants and encourage the behaviour required to achieve those goals. 3.3 Theory of Performance A generalized theory of performance does not exist. However, there are theories of performance built on specific disciplines of studies such economics, psychology etc. Organizational behaviour describes as the criterion problem. We might want to extend it to the study of HRM. Performance management is a concept that has been spreading in developing countries relative to developed countries. There are various ways of understanding PM, from different aspects like theoretical, practical etc. However most of them agree that PM is a process of optimal management and allocation of resources that will help in achieving a common goal in an organization. (Edis, 1995) argues that PM is a management process which people and their jobs to strategy and objectives of the organization. On the other hand Slater et al (1998) argue that PM is a value adding process of organizational performance. PM is defined within private sector as systematic and data oriented approach to manage peoples behaviour at work that relies of positive reinforcement as a major as a major way of optimising performance. Who are the real stake holders of performance and is performance same as outcomes? Generally performance can be seen as a company dominated criterion but outcome can be seen in a much broader sense and depends on a lot factors. These factors can be for example, environmental issues, job satisfaction, contribution towards the community or society etc. In an organizationally determined performance criterion, there might be a risk that some of these factors are ignored. PM is also defined as an integrated set of planning and review procedures, which cascades down through the organisation to provide a link between each individual and the overall strategy of the organisation (Rogers, 1994). (NAHT, 1991) describes PM as a mix of managerial strategies and techniques via which jobholders have better understanding about what the organization is trying to achieve; understand what is expect ed from their job and are provided with regular feedback on how they have been doing and have a continuous support from their managers and have an opportunity to understand, and judge their performance. PM is not just appraisal; neither is it just incentives and financial rewards. PM is a much broader concept. Performance appraisal could play a vital role in performance management but it is a part of an integrative approach, incorporating process, attitudes and behaviours that will ultimately produce effective and coherent strategies for raising levels of effective individual performance. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Philosophy Different research philosophies have been seen in earlier research. In business researches broadly two different research philosophies have been classified, positivism and interpretivism. The two paradigms differ from each other in the way they answer the following questions (Figueirido Cunha, 2007). a) The ontological question enquires about what can be known; b) The epistemological question looks into what is knowledge and what knowledge can we get; c) The methodological question enquires about how we can build on that knowledge; d) The ethical question asks what is the worth, or value, of the knowledge we build. Orlikowski and Baroundi (1991 p.5) described the differences between what is traditionally viewed as positivist or interpretive as follows: Positivist studies are premised on the existence of a priori fixed relationship within phenomena which are typically investigated with structured instrumentation [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦]positivist studies are characterized by evidence of formal propositions, quantifiable measures of variables, hypotheses testing, and the drawing of inferences about a phenomenon from the sample to a stated population [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] interpretative studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretative researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings that participants assign to them [ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦] reject the possibility of an objective or factual account of events and situations, seeking instead a relativistic, albeit shared, understanding of phenomena Positivistic and interpretative research philosophies are so different to each other that they are almost mutually exclusive to each other in terms of Assumptions, roles of researcher and the characteristics . According to a positivistic approach the researcher is outside the gla ss and the research occurs behind the glass where the researcher observes the phenomenon without interfering it. However, the case is quite different in interpretivism which generally acknowledges the researches participation and interaction with the subject and attempt to reflect their bias as integrals to insights derived (DeLuca et al 2008) The research we are trying to undertake requires an interaction of the researcher with the subject as it requires observation of a social phenomenon. Interpretive research can help researchers to understand human thought and action in social and organizational contexts; it has the potential to produce deep insights into information systems phenomena including the management of information systems and information systems development (Klein and Myers 1999 p.67). 4.2 Approach of the study The exploratory nature of the problem makes the researcher to follow case study method. Although survey research has been very popular among the social science researchers, this kind of research may not provide a deep insight about a phenomenon. Field studies and interviews during case studies can provide richer data that that cannot be achieved via survey research method and can measure the casual effects more closely (Abrahamson, 1983). Although the research sounds more qualitative, considerations shall also be given to validity and reliability of the data. To be clear, the current research study is qualitative in nature but it shall follow both qualitative frameworks in data analysis. Data triangulation could serve as a medium to validate the data. Primary data shall be collected through questionnaires and interviews and secondary data can be collected through documentations, and other source of information, especially internet. 4.3 Qualitative and Quantitative research approach Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviour and experiences through different methods such as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get in-depth opinion from the participants. Since it is about attitude, behaviour or experiences, the sample size is relatively low in this kind of research. Since the research topic is also about behavioural studies, qualitative research can be quite useful in addressing the research problem. Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large scale survey research, using tools like questionnaire or interviews (structured). This type of research involves a large number of samples, hence is believed to be highly reliable. However, this research method has been blamed to have less contact with the participants, hence less engagements, and hence shallow data, in comparison to qualitative method which is believed to draw deeper inferences. 4.4 Research tools Case study shall be done in a TESCO store to understand the performance management process in that particular organization. Semi structured Interviews along with questionnaires shall be the research tools, those of which will provide both qualitative and quantitative data. Secondary data shall also be collected via mediums like internet. Making an enquiry to learn a lesson from the expertise that practices it requires a closer integration with subject of analysis for some amount of time. Under such conditions, survey research is believed to more effective in comparison to other qualitative research methods (See Holloway, 1997). 4.5 Definition of Case study Meriam (1998) defines case study as an entity which is studied as a single unit and has clear boundaries; it is an investigation of a system, an event, a process or a programme. However the definition of case study has changed with time and disciplines of studies. It is used in varieties of qualitative and quantitative research; however in this research it describes the qualitative study. Case studies differ from other qualitative approaches because of its three distinct characteristics; specificity, boundedness and multiplicity (Holloway, Ibid, Yin Opt cited). Yin argues that an empirical inquiry is preferred when the subject is to be studied is a contemporary phenomenon with a real life situation, when boundaries between phenomenon and content are not clearly evident, and in which multiple source of evidence is used. 4.6 Why survey within a case study approach? Like in other qualitative research, a case study can just function as exploring the phenomenon in a specific context. A single case study may not always be generalizable; it is just a step towards generalization. It is wise to use number of steps towards generalization. It has been seen that researchers use number of sources in their data collection for example observation, documents and interviews etc, so that the study can be brighter and can gain a maximum validity. Observation and documentary research are the most common strategies that are used in case study research (Holloway, op.cit). However, when the purpose of the study is to understand the context of a contemporary phenomenon and extract lessons, a case study research approach can be an invaluable exploratory device (Gill and Johnson, 1997). According to Preece (1994), and Sharp Howard (1996), a case study is a complex research activity, which may combine a number of general research instruments, such as interviews, obs ervations, discussions, questionnaires, focus groups etc. 4.7 Maintenance of validity and Reliability Reliability and validity are tools of an essentially positivist epistemology. (Watling, as cited in Winter, 200, p. 7). Joppe (2000) defines reliability as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable. (p. 1) Joppe (2000) provides the following explanation of what validity is in quantitative research: Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are. In other words, does the research instrument allow you to hit the bulls eye of your research object? Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others. (p. 1) The qualitative data is always in a risk of lacking validity and reliability because of its relatively smaller sample size. Hence a proper consideration should be given about how to maintain validity and reliability of a research. An invalid or unreliable research study is not of any real importance. If the validity or trustworthiness can be maximized or tested then more credible and defensible result (Johnson, 1997, p. 283) may lead to generalizability which is one of the concepts suggested by Stenbacka (2001) as the structure for both doing and documenting high quality qualitative research. Hence the quality of a research depends on generalizability and thereby trustfulness and validity of the research. Maxwell (1992) on the other hand believes that the degree to which an account is generalizable is a key factor of distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Hence, in this sense validity in qualitative method is very specific to a test to which it is applied in qualitative research, which is Triangulation. 4.7.1 Triangulation Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. Mathison (1988) elaborates this by saying: Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology. (p. 13) Patton (2000) argues that triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches (p. 247). However there are some serious attacks on triangulation (See Barbour, 1998). She argues while mixing paradigms can be possible but mixing methods within one paradigm, such as qualitative research, is problematic since each method within the qualitative paradigm has its own assumption in terms of theoretical frameworks we bring to be ar on our research (p. 353). One of the paradigm of social research is constructivism, which views knowledge as a social process and may change within the change in circumstances. Crotty (1998) has defined constructivism from social perspective that the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent upon human practices, being constructed in and out of interaction between human beings and their world, and developed and transmitted within an essentially social context (p. 42). In any qualitative research, the aim is to engage in research that probes for deeper understanding rather than examining surface features (Johnson, 1995, p. 4) and constructivism may facilitate toward that aim. The constructivist notion, that reality is changing whether the observer wishes it or not (Hipps, 1993), is an indication of multiple or possibly diverse constructions of reality. Constructivism values the multiple realities that people have inside their mind. Hen ce different kinds of methods should be used to uncover those realities and validating the research process in such a constructive environment is highly important.

The Physics of Boomerangs Essay - 1379 Words

The Physics of Boomerangs The successful flight of a boomerang looks as though it never should happen. Its more or less circular flight path comes from the interaction of two physical phenomena: the aerodynamic lift of the arms of the boomerang and the spinning boomerang’s maintenance of angular momentum. Briefly put, the airfoil at the boomerang’s forward rotating edge provides more lift than its rearward rotating edge. This elevates one side of the boomerang. The spinning object maintains angular momentum by turning at a right angle to its axis of rotation. When the spin and the velocity of boomerang are just right, it flies away and returns in an aesthetically satisfying circle. The boomerang’s distinctive flight starts with†¦show more content†¦But when a fluid encounters an obstruction in an open situation--a current in a river hitting a stick or an airfoil in the air--the same general rule applies. As the fluid accelerates around an object, its pressure decreases. If an airfoil is moving through the air, then the air accelerates as it goes over it. If the air foil were symmetrical, the air pressure would drop on both sides and the foil would have no net force acting on it. But if one side of a foil were curved and the other flat, then the pressure on the curved side would be less and the foil would be drawn in the direction of the lower air pressure (or the higher pressure on the flat side would push the foil in the direction of the curved side). For example, when rules allow, race cars have an upside down foil along their bottoms to increase down force and with it, their cornering ability. Much more commonly, airplane wings and helicopter rotors use the curved foil to create low pressure areas on their top sides to allow the higher pressure under the wing/rotor to push the wing/rotor upward. The introductory chapter of John Allen’s Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion describes a complex interaction between the object the the air in motion around it. He explains that theShow MoreRelatedPhysics of Boomerangs638 Words   |  3 PagesBoomerangs are one of the first throwing machines invented by humans. Boomerangs first developed as an improvement of the carved throwing sticks. Usually made of wood and they were banana shaped; both arms were carved into curved surfaces. Typically 3 ft long and weighing 5-10 lbs. they were effective hunting tools. When thrown, boomerangs traveled parallel to the ground as far as 650 ft The physics of a Boomerang can be broken down into three simple reasons: 1. A boomerang has 2 arms or wings, similarRead MoreCompare And Contrast Batman Of Dc And Iron Man925 Words   |  4 Pagesintellect and enormous amounts of money to create technology for their powers. 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Subcategories for the wooden roller coasters are the outback, wooden twister, terrain, M oebis, racing, dueling, looping, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Unconstitutional 40 Year War On Students Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesstimulus will elicit some sort of response. Similarly, Isaac Newton taught us that one force provokes another, in direct opposition to it. Although various life experience may â€Å"elicit† a response, our emotions tend to gravitate towards the laws of physics rather than biology. It may seem counterintuitive, but the pressure of provocation is arguably the best method of impelling us to act. Adversity, after all, stimulates, coerces, and sharpens people in ways that prosperity simply cannot. Indeed, itRead More beach erosion Essay examples3156 Words   |  13 Pagespermeable they are, the more energy will dissipate before it reaches landward development or natural resources.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;. Simple solutions boomerang Cities like Miami Beach that built ri ght up to the bluffs above the beach soon noticed that the bluffs were eroding, bringing the ocean a bit too close for comfort. The city responded by reinforcing the bluffs with sea walls. But the walls reflectedRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagessister â€Å"thinking big thoughts†; she played girls’ cricket avidly and was lead guitarist in an all-girl rock band (it’s no surprise that she still performs on stage at PepsiCo events). She ï ¬ nished a multidisciplinary undergraduate degree in chemistry, physics, and math before getting her MBA in Calcutta. Nooyi then worked in the textile industry (Tootal) and consumer products industry (Johnson Johnson) before getting a master’s of public and private management at Yale. After graduation, she shiftedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesgraphics say that by viewing images instead of numbers, a fundamental change in the way researchers think and work is occurring. People have a lot easier time getting an intuition from pictures than they do from numbers and tables or formulas. In most physics experiments, the answer used to be a number or a string of numbers. In the last few years the answer has increasingly become a picture† (Markoff, 1988, p. D3). To illustrate the differences among thinking languages, consider the following simple problem:

Information Technologies Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Questions: 1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of star, bus, and mesh physical topologies. Provide real examples of each type.2. Explain why the OSI model is better than the TCP/IP model. Why hasn't it taken over from the TCP/IP model?3.Calculate the approximate bit rate and signal level(s) for a 3.5 MHz bandwidth system with a signal to noise ratio of 133.4.Compare IPv4 and IPv6 private addressing. Discuss address ranges and relative sizes. Why don't the same private addresses in different locations cause conflict on the Internet?5. According to RFC1939, a POP3 session is one of the following states: closed, authorization, transaction or update. Draw a diagram to show these four states and how POP3 moves between them.6. What is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and how is it used in P2P networks? Briefly, explain how a DHT works with an example of a P2P network. Answers: 1. Star topology is the connection of the nodes to the central hub. The advantages of this type of topology are many; the system is easy to install in a premise as the networking needs only a central hub and the wires that are used to connect the nodes or the computers to the hub (Bisht Singh, 2015). The star network can be seen in most of the offices where the central LAN server can be observed with which the computers are connected. The Bus topology is the networking method in which the central bus is used for connection between the nodes, the advantage of the system is lesser wire and a common backbone, in which transfer is decided by the bus master, which ensures connection between the nodes (Jiang, 2015). This topology is used in Industrial Ethernet where the RTUs send signals after equal interval of time Mesh topology is the networking where each node is connected to each other through a separate communication media. This distributed networking makes the system most versatile for sensitive networks (Lim, 2016). This networking topology is used in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) in which the mobile device is connected to multiple devices as it moves through the space, hence making a larger interconnected space. Topologies Advantages Disadvantages Star Topology Node failure doesnt affect the working of the system Easy to install Easy fault diagnosis Updating or modification is easy Expensive as it needs more cable Failure of the central node will cripple the system Terminators are required at the end of the cable Problem identification is difficult Bus Topology Very reliable for small networks Cheaper as requires lesser amount of cable Easy to extend and update Since only the bus master is given the power to transfer the next transfer has to wait till the transfer is complete Bus failure will result in termination of services Mesh Topology This topology is most versatile as, in case of redundancy the data can be rerouted through other nodes Provides best data privacy Network errors are easier to diagnose Costliest topology as the wire needed for the networking is very high Table 1: The advantages and the disadvantages of Topologies (Table Source: As created by the author) 2. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is developed by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and aims to standardize the communication between the communicating devices to enhance the interoperability of devices, whereas TCP/IP is just a standard for interconnection. TCP/IP lacks the generic structure of the OSI model. OSI model consists of seven layers which divide the labor for interaction with one another on the contrary the TCP/IP model contains only five layers that makes the task of each layer complex. OSI layer has dedicated transport layer which ensures data packet delivery to the destination which saves the data loss which is common in TCP/IP. Finally the separate layer structure makes the OSI model much more versatile and easier to update compared to five layered TCP/IP model. In his textbook author Tanenbaum (2003) have discussed in detail about the failure of OSI model.The failure of the model has been attributed to three major factors which are timing, technology and the implementation and politics. The time was bad for implementation as the release of the model was delayed due to extensive research that has been carried out for the modeling and which resulted in extensive expenditure on TCP/IP. The technology was not up to the mark as few layers were empty and the others were overloaded (Severance, 2013). Due to these issues, the earlier models of the OSI were buggy. Finally, the patch up of TCP/IP with Unix buried the last hope of implementation on large-scale (Why is TCP/IP used rather than OSI? - 77624 - The Cisco Learning Network, 2016). 3. The channel capacity: 4. Private addresses are the IP addresses that are not directly connected to the internet. These IP addresses are meant for an internal network like LAN, etc., the router which connects the computer to the internet uses tools like Network Address Translator (NAT) for connecting to the internet (Matousek Skacan KoÃ…â„ ¢enek, 2013). IPv4 IPv6 Address length of IPv4 is 32 bits IPv6 has 128-bit long address They are represented in decimal numbers They are represented by the hexadecimal numbers Two types of configuration are available (manual and automatic) Only automatic configuration is available Identification of packet flow is not available Flow label is available forIPv6 header Table 3: Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 (Table source: As created by author) IPv4 which has an address length of 32 bits has the maximum address of 1016-2, but the IPv6 which used hexadecimal digits instead of decimal has a wider range of 1028 addresses. Hence IPv4 has an addressing constraint whereas IPv6 doesn't have an addressing constraint. The private addresses are used only on the local networks and are prohibited from using it in public internet. For the purpose of public interaction, the separate address is generated by NAT which removes the concept of IP conflict. Hence same IP address can be used in different networks without any conflict of interest. 5. The POP3 commands are highly dependent upon the present states which are namely the closed state, authorization state, and transaction and finally the update state after which the connection is closed again. The authorization starts after the connection has been established between the client and the server. For the connection, the between the two sides TCP three-way handshake is used. During the authorization, the client sends the username and password, and the authorization is granted to the user. In the second state, the information about the transaction state is provided, and the data regarding the e-mails are provided (Fujiwara Newman Yao, 2013). During the transaction, the STAT for the status, LIST for the content, RETR for returning the messages and DELE for deletion of the messages are the major signals. The messages are updated following the initial transactions, and apart from the above, various other signals are generated for the update. Finally, during the close session, QUIT command is generated for terminating the connection. Image 4: The four states of POP3 and how it moves through the stages (Image Source: As created by author in Visio) 6. A hash table is the data structure used for implementation of the arrays for mapping the keys to the values which help in finding and retrieving the desired values. Hence the DHT could be understood as the distributed system that offers services similar to hash tables. P2P (Peer-to-Peer) is an application that is structured in a way to distribute the tasks among the peers so that the workload is distributed among the peers and the workload is reduced. In a P2P system, the every peer is an equal contributor and equipotent in term of resource allocation. The peers of the system allocate a portion of their computing resources for carrying out the tasks (He et al.,2016). The most common type of structured P2P systems is implemented through DHT. In DHT, the hash tags are given to the various segments that are available with the different peers. The foundation of the DHT consists of abstract keyspace which are bit-strings. A program then slits the partnership of the keyspace among the peers, then an overlay network communicates between the nodes to which allows them to track the real file (DAcunto et al., 2013). BitTorrent is a similar P2P program which uses its protocol for transferring and receiving the files. It is a two tier P2P that also allows searches across the network. BitTorrent is completely server less as the files are distributed all over the network and the distributed computing from the shared computers. The user of the service becomes a decentralized connected network. References Bisht, N., Singh, S. (2015). Analytical Study if different Network Topologies. DAcunto, L., Chiluka, N., Vink, T., Sips, H. (2013). BitTorrent-like P2P approaches for VoD: A comparative study.Computer Networks,57(5), 1253-1276. Fujiwara, K., Newman, C., Yao, J. (2013). Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) Support for UTF-8. He, Q., Dong, Q., Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Qiang, B. (2016). P2P Traffic Optimization based on Congestion Distance and DHT.Journal of Internet Services and Information Security (JISIS),6(2), 53-69. Jiang, R. (2015). A review of Network Topology. Lim, F. P. (2016). A Review-Analysis of Network Topologies for Microenterprises.Small,3, 15-000. Matouek, J., SkaÄ an, M., KoÃ…â„ ¢enek, J. (2013, April). Towards hardware architecture for memory efficient IPv4/IPv6 Lookup in 100 Gbps networks. InDesign and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits Systems (DDECS), 2013 IEEE 16th International Symposium on(pp. 108-111). IEEE. Severance, C. (2013). Andrew Tanenbaum: Writing the Book on Networks.Computer,46(12), 9-10. Tanenbaum, A. S. (2003). Computer networks, 4-th edition.Ed: Prentice Hall. Why is TCP/IP used rather than OSI? - 77624 - The Cisco Learning Network. (2016). Learningnetwork.cisco.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/thread/77624

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Example For Students

TRYPSIN LAB Essay Title: The Effects of Substrate Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Hydrolysis of the Enzyme Trypsin. Abstract: Quantitative measurements can relate both temperature and substrate concentration to the enzymatic activity of trypsin. By analyzing the data, it is suggested that at BAPNA concentrations below those corresponding to Vmax are rate limiting, as less active sights are available for adhesion. The values of Vmax and Km relate a temperate catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The temperature range of most efficiency for the enzyme was those between 36 and 54 degrees Celsius. Introduction: Enzymes are specialized proteins that aid in formation or breakdown of larger protein or multi-protein complexes. Trypsin is a pancreatic protease that digests proteins by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds in proteins. It has a high degree of specificity and will only hydrolize the peptide bonds that occur on the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine. Generally hydrolytic reactions occur with the addition of water to breakdown a large protein into two protein fragments. Substrate concentra tion and temperature both would interfere and affect with the hydrolysis of Na-benzol-L-arginly-p-nitroanalide (BAPNA) into arginina and p-nitroaniline (PNA). An increase in the substrate concentration would most likely enhance the conversion into PNA, as collisions between the enzyme and substrate would increase. Temperature and pH can both influence the kinetics of an enzyme (Karp 100). Trypsin, being an organic enzyme, would probably work most effectively at temperatures consistent with biological life, falling in the ranges of 34C and 40C. The change in PNA concentration can be plotted against BAPNA concentration or temperature. To measure the kinetics of an enzyme, two variables can be found, Vmax and Km. Km is the estimated substrate concentration required for the reaction to advance at one half Vmax. Vmax is the maximal velocity of the reaction. These two values can be determined from the double reciprocal of the Michalelis-Menton equation or the Lineweaver-Burke Plot, with t he y intercept being 1/ Vmax, and the x intercept being -1/ Km. the equations are as follows:Michalelis-Mentonvelocity of reaction= Vmax (substrate concentration)/( Kms) Lineweaver-Burke plot 1/velocity= Km/ Vmax*1/sibstrate concentration+1/ VmaxMethods: Part 1: Effect of Substrate Concentration on Velocity Cuvette one was placed into the spectrophotometer containing the following: 0.1 ml of 10X buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl and 160 mM CaCl2), and 0.9 ml H2O. The absorbance was then read using a wavelength of 410 nm, and the absorbance number was used as a blank for the rest of the lab. The cuvette contained no PNA (the colored substrate) and hence is the reading when no reaction is taking place. The wavelength was chosen because the substrate is colored yellow, and a color other than yellow was needed to penetrate the cuvette, (410 nm is blue light). The absorbencies were then found using the following concentrations (in mM): 0.020, 0.040, 0.060, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, 0.160, and 0.200. Th e results were then plotted with the absorbance being the dependent variable and the concentration the independent. The extinction coefficient, also called the molar absorption coefficient, could then calculated using the equation provided by the Biology 152 Lab Manual, E=A/cl were E is the extinction coefficient, A the absorbance, c the product of concentration, and l the length of the light path. With the extinction coefficient found, the rate of reaction could be found. We will write a custom essay on TRYPSIN LAB specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 0.1 ml of 10X buffer and 0.4 ml of H2O were added to two cuvettes and gently mixed. 0.4 ml of 1 mM BAPNA was then added to each. To cuvette one, an additional 0.1 ml of H2O was added and mixed and placed in the spectrophotometer. This was the control to measure the hydrolysis of BAPNA in the absence of enzyme. In the second cuvette 0.1 ml of enzyme was added and mixed, then placed into the spectrophotometer. Readings of the absorbencies were taken every 15 seconds for ten minuets. The extinction coefficient was then used to convert each absorbance reading to PNA concentration. .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postImageUrl , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:visited , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active { border:0!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:active , .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u274dda8a04e60d77318424d0e2adb49c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: EToys EssaySeven tubes were prepared with the following a constant of 10X buffer, water, and enzyme. Added to the mixture were the following amounts (in ml) of BABNA before placing into the spectrophotometer: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80. Corresponding amounts of H2O were then added in the following amounts (ml): 0.75, .70, .60, .50, .35, .20, and .00.The absorbencies were read every 15 seconds for 2.5 minuets. The PNA concentration was then plotted as a function of time. The slope of the linear portion of the graph represented the initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis as a function of time. The linear properties of the graph begin to wane as the BAPNA supply decreases over time. The increasing of PNA concentration will drive the initial velocity of the equation equal of lesser to Vmax and extent the linear portion of the graph. More trypsin would invariably provide more active sites to which BAPNA molecules can bind. The initial velocity of substrate hydrolysis is thus greater. Dropping the concentration would have the opposite effect, lowering the initial velocity of the reaction, limiting the linear region, as the former extends the linear region. Part 2: Effect of Temperature on VelocityObtain constant amounts of 10X buffer, H2O, BAPNA, and enzyme and place into cuvettes, saving the addition of enzyme until last. Acquire prescribed temperature by lowering the bottom of the cuvette into a bath for two minuets. When removed, add the enzyme, place in the spectrometer with the same 410 nm setting and record absorbances every 15 seconds for two and a half minuets. Repeat for the following temperatures (C): 10, 38, 45, 47, 50, and 54. Use data to determine the ideal temperature for enzyme action. The reaction rate against the BAPNA concentration of the hydrolysis of BAPNA displays a preliminary linear increase in the rate of reaction with a gradual decrease in the change of rate with substrate concentration to Vmax. The Lineweaver-Burke plot graph (Fig 1) estimated the value of Vmax to be 0.0627 mM/min, while the Km estimated was 0.413 mM. The equation for the double reciprocal was 1/velocity=(6.586) 1/substrate conc.+15.947. The curve representing the rate of reaction versus time demonstrated a low rate of reaction for the low temperature extremes, including 10C. The most efficient temperature demonstrated by our experiment was that of 54C. However when the temperature was increased to 56C, the reaction declined. Each graphical representation of the individual temperatures carried with it similar characteristics. Each possessed an initial linear relationship, and then each began to level off as the extinction coefficient was reached. The results of our first experiment displayed that as the concentration of substrate in a solution of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Enzymes work on the principal that substrate is formed by random collisions between enzyme and substrate. Hence more of either will increase the production of product. Our data showed this too is true, as product was formed at a faster rate with more enzymes, than of those solutions containing less. The values of Km and Vmax (0.413 mM and 0.0627 respectively) obtained from Fig 1 imply that trypsin has a moderate affinity for its substrate. Trypsin is also sensitive to temperature. Higher temperatures seemingly denature the enzyme, changing its structure and hence it is no longer able to fit in the substrates active site. Being a biological enzyme, it would assume to work well at temperatures associated with biological life, which it did, working optimally within the range of 36-54 degrees Celsius. Below this temperature, little activity was observed as the molecules were moving in a slower fashion, and the shape once again is changed. Karp, G. (1996) Bioenergetics. Pages 91-103 in Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments Second Edition. John Wiley Sons Inc., New YorkBibliography: